Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals, Third Edition

568 Pages·2000·9.856 MB·English

Infectious THIRD
EDITION
Diseases of
Wild Mammals
Infectious THIRD
EDITION
Diseases of
Wild Mammals
Edited by Elizabeth S. Williams and Ian K. Barker
Iowa State University Press / Ames
Elizabeth S. Williams,DVM,PhD,is a professor of veterinary sciences at the University of Wyoming. She has
been specializing in the research of infectious diseases of wild animals since 1977. She also serves as a diagnos-
tic pathologist.
Ian K. Barker, DVM, PhD, is a professor of veterinary pathobiology in the Department of Pathology in the
Ontario Veterinary College at the University of Guelph. His research focuses on infectious diseases of wild ani-
mals,and he is an expert in alimentary tract diseases.
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Printed on acid-free paper in the United States of America
First edition,1970
Second edition,1981
Third edition,2001
International Standard Book Number:0-8138-2556-3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Infectious diseases of wild mammals / edited by Elizabeth S. Williams and Ian K.
Barker.—3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 0-8138-2556-3 (alk. paper)
1. Wildlife diseases. 2. Mammals—Diseases. 3. Communicable diseases in animals.
I. Williams,Elizabeth S. II. Barker,Ian K.
SF996.4 .I54 2000
639.9'64—dc21 00-047258
The last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
C O N T E N T S
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Caprine Herpesvirus Monika Engels . . . 173
Other Herpesviruses Anthony E. Castro 175
Part 1. Viral and Prion Diseases . . . . . . . . . 3
8. Poxvirus Infections Anthony J. Robinson
1. Rabies Charles E. Rupprecht,Klaus Stöhr,
and Peter J. Kerr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
and Courtney Meredith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
9. Adenoviral Diseases Leslie W. Woods . . 202
2. Morbilliviral Diseases
10. Retrovirus Infections Michael Worley . . 213
Rinderpest Paul Rossiter . . . . . . . . . . . 37
11. Papillomavirus Infections John
Peste des Petits Ruminants
P. Sundberg,Marc Van Ranst,
Paul Rossiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
and A. Bennett Jenson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Canine Distemper Elizabeth S. Williams 50
12. Pestivirus Infections Hana Van Campen,
Feline MorbillivirusInfection Kai Frölich,and Martin Hofmann . . . . . . 232
Linda Munson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
13. Coronaviral Infections James
Measles Linda Munson . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 F. Evermann and David A. Benfield . . . . 245
Morbillivirus Infections in Aquatic 14. Rodent-borne Hemorrhagic Fever
Mammals Seamus Kennedy . . . . . . . . . 64 Viruses James N. Mills and James
E. Childs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
3. Bluetongue,Epizootic Hemorrhagic
Disease,and Other Orbivirus-Related 15. Orthomyxovirus and Paramyxovirus
Diseases Elizabeth W. Howerth,David Infections Hana Van Campen and
E. Stallknecht,and Peter D. Kirkland . . . 77 Greg Early . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
4. Arbovirus Infections Thomas M. Yuill 16. Calicivirus Infections Cor Lenghaus,
and Charles Seymour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Michael J. Studdert,and Dolores
Gavier-Widén . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
5. Picornavirus Infections Gavin R. Thomson,
Roy G. Bengis,and Corrie C. Brown . . . 119 17. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
Elizabeth S. Williams,James
6. Parvovirus Infections Ian K. Barker and
K. Kirkwood,and Michael W. Miller . . . . 292
Colin R. Parrish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7. Herpesvirus Infections Part 2. Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases . . . . 303
Herpesviruses of Nonhuman Primates 18. Tularemia Torsten Mörner and
Norval W. King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Edward Addison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Malignant Catarrhal Fever Werner 19. Plague and Yersiniosis Peter W. Gasper
P. Heuschele and Hugh W. Reid . . . . . . . 157 and Rowena P. Watson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s Disease) 20. Pasteurellosis Michael W. Miller . . . . . 330
David E. Stallknecht and Elizabeth
21. Mycobacterial Diseases
W. Howerth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Mycobacterium bovisInfections Richard
Elephant Herpesvirus Infections
S. Clifton-Hadley,Carola M. Sauter-Louis,
Laura K. Richman and Richard
Ian W. Lugton,Ronald Jackson,Peter
J. Montali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
A. Durr,and John W. Wilesmith . . . . . . . . 340
v
vi / Contents
Paratuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial CampylobacterInfection Torsten
Diseases Elizabeth S. Williams . . . . . . . 361 Mörner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
22. Brucellosis E. Tom Thorne. . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Dermatophilosis Frederick A. Leighton 489
23. Anthrax C. Cormack Gates,Brett Elkin, ErysipelothrixInfection Frederick
and Dan Dragon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 A. Leighton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
24. Diseases due to Mycoplasmas Kevin Fusobacterium necrophorum
Whithear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Infection Frederick A. Leighton . . . . . . 493
25. Chlamydiosis of Koalas Richard HelicobacterInfection Torsten Mörner 496
Whittington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Leptospirosis Frederick A. Leighton
26. Lyme Borreliosis Richard N. Brown and Thijs Kuiken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
and Elizabeth C. Burgess . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Listeriosis Torsten Mörner . . . . . . . . . . 502
27. Order Rickettsiales
Salmonellosis Torsten Mörner . . . . . . . 505
Anaplasmosis William R. Davidson
Shigellosis Torsten Mörner . . . . . . . . . 507
and Will L. Goff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
StaphylococcusInfection Gary Wobeser 509
Ehrlichioses William R. Davidson,
Jacqueline E. Dawson,and Sidney Tyzzer’s Disease Gary Wobeser . . . . . . 510
A. Ewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 29. Mycotic Diseases Kathy Burek . . . . . . . 514
Heartwater Nancy D. Kock . . . . . . . . . . 477 Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Salmon Poisoning Disease William Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
J. Foreyt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
28. Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections
Actinomycesand Arcanobacterium
Infections Gary Wobeser . . . . . . . . . . . 487
P R E F A C E
Nearly 20 years have passed since the publication zoonotic agents,such as those causing the rodent-
of the second edition of Infectious Diseases of borne hemorrhagic fevers and Lyme borreliosis in
Wild Mammals, an important resource for, and people, have little or no impact on the wildlife
inspiration to, a generation of wildlife biologists that serve as the reservoir for human infection.
and veterinarians. All those concerned with dis- Some well-recognized pathogens of domestic
eases of wildlife are greatly indebted to the late animals, such as canine distemper virus and par-
John Davis,and to Lars Karstad and Dan Trainer, voviruses, are emerging in significance or
for consolidating knowledge in this field and increasingly recognized in free-ranging wildlife.
making it so readily accessible. Their work Diseases such as brucellosis,bovine tuberculosis,
helped establish the widespread and growing rinderpest, and foot-and-mouth disease arguably
recognition of the influence of disease on popula- are more strongly associated with domestic ani-
tions of wild mammals, consideration of disease mals than with wildlife,but they pose some of the
in the fields of wildlife management and ecology, knottiest epidemiologic,management,and ethical
and greater appreciation of disease as a compo- problems where wild animals are affected. Some
nent in the relationship among wild mammals, agents, such as the myxoma virus, rabbit cali-
humans,and domestic animals. civirus, and Salmonella, have been exploited as
To us has fallen the humbling task of regener- biologic agents of vertebrate pest control, with
ating and updating this work, in collaboration varying degrees of success and safety. Others,
with an international field of chapter authors. Our such as poxviruses and Leptospira,are functional
goal has been to summarize knowledge in the or candidate recombinant vectors for the delivery
field of wildlife diseases relevant to wild mam- of antigens to immunize wild mammals. The sig-
mals, in a form that will be useful to students in nificance for wild mammals of agents such as
wildlife biology or veterinary medicine; wildlife Chlamydia and its relatives, and the retroviruses
biologists and managers; veterinarians dealing and mycoplasmas, seems relatively restricted,
with free-living and captive wildlife; and epi- taxonomically and/or geographically, while oth-
demiologists and public health professionals con- ers,such as the lyssaviruses,the poxviruses,Sal-
cerned with wildlife zoonoses. monella, and Leptospira, affect a wide array of
The format of the third edition follows that of wild mammals on most continents.
its predecessors,with chapters arranged by taxon Knowledge of diseases included in the last edi-
of infectious agent. They deal with agents estab- tion has greatly expanded, and a number of new
lished or suspected as pathogens in wild mam- agents that fall within the scope of this volume
mals, and/or transmissible between wild mam- have emerged in the past two decades. Accord-
mals and domestic animals or people. Many are ingly,we have added major treatments of problems
capable of causing devastating diseases, such as such as rodent-borne hemorrhagic fevers, Lyme
tularemia, plague, or rabies, among wild mam- borreliosis, transmissible spongiform encepha-
mals; almost all of these are capable of infecting lopathies,and calicivirus infections. Consideration
domestic animals or people, as well. Other of the implications for wildlife of agents such as
vii
viii / Preface
the parvoviruses, canine distemper virus, and the Selected on the basis of their expertise and famil-
rickettsiae has been expanded. And, of necessity, iarity with the wildlife ramifications of the topic
some topics found in the second edition have been assigned, the authors span the disciplines of
truncated,consolidated,or eliminated. wildlife biology,veterinary medicine,epidemiol-
Within the limits of the space allotted, chapter ogy,and microbiology. Years of experience in the
authors provide an entrée to the historical litera- field and in the laboratory, on all continents
ture on an agent or disease,a summary of current except Antarctica, have been distilled onto these
knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, immu- pages. The editors found it exciting to foster inter-
nity, and diagnosis, and discussions of implica- national collaborations on authorship of chapters,
tions of the agent or disease for captive or free- often by means of electronic communication,and
ranging wild mammals, domestic animals, and to participate as they developed and evolved. Like
people. Relevant current information on the biol- the editors, many authors had to cope with the
ogy and epidemiology of pathogens gained by effects of economic rationalism and downsizing
molecular techniques has been incorporated, but on their workplace. Chapter authorship was an act
the rapid expansion of such knowledge, and the of dedication, for little reward, often carried out
inevitable lag in bringing a work such as this to to difficult deadlines under trying circumstances.
press, no doubt already will have dated chapters Sadly,two of our contributors,Drs. Charles Sey-
on some very active topics. mour and Werner Heuschele, died during the
Despite the expansion in size of this volume, preparation of their chapters. To the chapter
space limitations forced elimination of most com- authors goes credit for the quality of the content
prehensive reviews,lists of citations,and detailed of this book; the editors assume responsibility for
treatment of clinical signs and comparative diag- any shortcomings.
nosis. Of necessity, many chapters are surveys We also wish to acknowledge colleagues who
rather than full reviews of the topic, and readers read drafts of chapters or who provided technical
will need to consult the second edition and other advice on various topics. Iowa State University
sources cited for fuller historical and current Press, in particular Gretchen Van Houten, has
information. The number of illustrations and the been very helpful and extremely accommodating
number and scope of tables also were limited in over the course of the preparation of this edition.
deference to textual material. Nonetheless, We greatly appreciate the tolerance and encour-
between these covers is a vast amount of infor- agement to carry this project through that were
mation,covering a wide array of infectious agents offered by our spouses, Tom Thorne and Susy
affecting virtually all orders of mammals. Refer- Carman.
ence lists lead to the wider literature, and the Lastly, we wish to recognize the Wildlife Dis-
index will allow the reader to find and consolidate ease Association and its many dedicated mem-
information affecting particular families or gen- bers, who, over the course of nearly 50 years,
era of mammals, which may be scattered among have shared in the study and dissemination of
several chapters. Walker’s Mammals of the World, knowledge of diseases of wildlife,in the interests
fifth edition, by R.M. Nowak (Johns Hopkins of animal and human health and welfare, and
Press,1991),was used as the authority for mam- environmental conservation. The Wildlife Dis-
malian nomenclature, except where another ease Association supported the preparation of this
authority is cited by chapter authors. volume and is the beneficiary of the royalties that
We gratefully acknowledge the effort that our will accrue from its use.
many authors dedicated to their contributions.
Infectious THIRD
EDITION
Diseases of
Wild Mammals

I
PART
Viral and Prion Diseases
1
RABIES
CHARLES E. RUPPRECHT,KLAUS STÖHR,
AND COURTNEY MEREDITH
Synonyms:al kalabe,beshenstvo,derriengue,hari, book, significant advances in biotechnology have
hydrophobia (humans),kalevet,kuang cheng,lyssa, occurred, particularly in the diagnostic arena with the
mal de calderas,oulo fato,polar madness,rabhas, development of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) and
rage,rabia,rabbia,raiva,thao,tollwut. molecular typing techniques that have shed consider-
able light on the epidemiology of rabies. In addition,in
the vaccine field,there has been substantial application
INTRODUCTION. Rabies is an acute fatal viral of oral immunization toward wildlife rabies control.
encephalomyelitis. The etiologic agents belong to the
genus Lyssavirus, in the family Rhabdovirus.
Described for at least four millennia, it is one of the
HISTORY AND HOSTS
oldest recognized infectious diseases. A clinical entity
indistinguishable from classic rabies has been reported Africa. Circumstantial evidence indicts Africa as the
on all inhabited continents. Warm-blooded vertebrates cradle of lyssavirus evolution, because nowhere else
are susceptible to experimental infection, but only are at least four serotypes or genotypes present (Rup-
mammals are important in the epidemiology of rabies. precht et al. 1991; King et al. 1994). Besides rabies
The etiologic agents are neurotropic viruses that pri- virus,only two European bat lyssaviruses and a newly
marily replicate in the central nervous system (CNS) described Australian virus have become established
and pass to the salivary glands and saliva. Transmission outside of Africa, perhaps by virtue of bat flight and
principally occurs by the bites of infected carnivores subsequent zoogeographic spread. Classic serotype/
and bats. As a major zoonosis,rabies has considerable genotype 1 rabies virus, found mainly in dogs Canis
public health,veterinary,and economic impact,and it familiaris,has achieved virtual worldwide distribution,
should be of concern to all professionals that deal primarily with human assistance (Smith and Seidel
directly with the health of free-ranging or captive mam- 1993),whereas the other viruses by comparison may be
mals. Since the publication of the first edition of this viewed somewhat as biologic curiosities.
3