Infectious diseases PDF
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Infectious Diseases THIRD EDITION 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3780 0-7817-3371-5 Cover images: From left to right: Micrograph of SARS coronavirus (with the permission of Prof. Malik Peiris and Dr. John Nicholls); Gram stain of blood in culture media from patient who died of inhalational anthrax (from Borio L, Frank D, Mani V, et al. Death due to bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: report of 2 patients. JAMA 2001;286:2554–2559, with permission); last reported naturally occurring case of smallpox in 1977 (courtesy of Dr. Samuel L. Katz); the mosquito is a vector in transmission of many infectious diseases, reportedly responsible for 1 in 7 deaths in the world. Background: Penicillium notatum demonstrating antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, as first discovered by Alexander Fleming (from the British Museum). © 2004, by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise—without the prior written consent of the publisher, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information write Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3780. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. Government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. Printed in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Infectious diseases/edited by Sherwood L. Gorbach, John G. Bartlett, Neil R. Blacklow.—3rd ed. p.; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7817-3371-5 (alk. paper) 1. Communicable diseases. I. Gorbach, Sherwood L., 1934– II. Bartlett, John G. III. Blacklow, Neil R. [DNLM: 1. Communicable Diseases. 2. Bacterial Infections. 3. Virus Diseases. WC 100 I4033 2004] RC111.I5128 2004 616.9—dc21 2003047509 Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the contents of the publication. The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug. Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in their clinical practice. Edited by Sherwood L. Gorbach MD PROFESSOR OF COMMUNITY HEALTH, MEDICINE, AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY/MICROBIOLOGY TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE; ATTENDING PHYSICIAN, TUFTS-NEW ENGLAND MEDICAL CENTER AND CARITAS ST. ELIZABETH'S MEDICAL CENTER, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS John G. Bartlett MD STANHOPE BAYNE JONES PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE; CHIEF, DIVISION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES, THE JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND Neil R. Blacklow MD CHAIRMAN EMERITUS DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE; PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, MOLECULAR GENETICS AND MICROBIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL, WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS; VISITING PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS Secondary Editors James Merritt Acquisitions Editor Joyce Murphy Developmental Editor Benjamin Rivera Manufacturing Manager Timothy Prairie Production Editor David Levy Cover Designer Compositor: TechBooks Printer: Quebecor World-Taunton Contributing Authors Fredrick M. Abrahamian DO, FACEP Assistant Professor of Medicine UCLA School of Medicine; Director of Education, Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View—UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, California David W. K. Acheson MD, FRCP Chief Medical Officer Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland Michelle J. Aifa PhD Professor Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba; Assistant Director, Department of Microbiology, St. Boniface General Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Ban Mishu Allos MD Assistant Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee Vincent T. Andriole MD Professor Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale- New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut Adriano Arguedas MD Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Instituto Costarricense de Investigaciones Clinicas, San Jose, Costa Rica David M. Asher MD Chief Laboratory of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Unconventional Agents, Center for Biologic Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland Aristides P. Assimacopoulas MD Infectious Disease Specialist Sioux Falls, South Dakota Robert Austrian MD, DSc (Hon.) Professor and Chairman Emeritus Department of Research Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Visiting Physician, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania John W. Baddley MD Assistant Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Attending Physician, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama Ann Sullivan Baker MD (Deceased) Infectious Disease Unit, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts Neil L. Barg MD Internal Medicine Associates of Yakima, Yakima, WA John G. Bartlett MD Stanhope Bayne Jones Professor of Medicine The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland Michael Barza MD Professor Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Chief, Department of Medicine, Caritas Carney Hospital, Dorchester, Massachusetts Robert E. Baughn PhD Professor of Dermatology; Professor of Microbiology and Immunology Baylor College of Medicine; Director, Syphilis Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas Jules L. Baum MD Emeritus Professor of Ophthalmology Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Stephen G. Baum MD Professor Department of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Chairman, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York Theodore M. Bayless MD Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Director, Meyerhoff IBD Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland Irmgard Behlau MD Westfield, New Jersey Stephanie R. Black MD Assistant Professor Section of Infectious Diseases, Rush Medical College; Attending Physician, Section of Infectious Diseases, Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois Neil R. Blacklow MD Chairman Emeritus Department of Medicine; Professor of Medicine, Molecular Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Visiting Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Charles D. Bluestone MD Eberly Professor of Pediatric Otolaryngology Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Director, Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Gerald P. Bodey MD Professor and Clinical Internist Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas Roger C. Bone MD (Deceased) Distinguished Professor of Medicine Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois Fernando Borrego MD Assistant Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Assistant Attending, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York John W. Boslego MD Director Vaccine Infectious Diseases Clinical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania Edward J. Bottone PhD Professor Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Director, Consultative Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York Alain R. Bouckenooghe MD Director Regulatory Affairs Europe, Merck Sharp and Dohme (Europe), Inc., Brussels, Belgium Mathijs H. Brentjens MS, MD Resident Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas Claire Broome MD Deputy Director Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Cara Carthel Burns PhD Microbiologist Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Thomas Butler MD Professor Department of Internal Medicine; Chief, Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas Michael V. Callahan MD, MSPH, DTM & H (U.K.) Assistant Professor of International Health Center for International Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts James D. Campbell MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland Carlos Carrillo MD Principal Professor of Microbiology Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Director, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru Kenneth G. Castro MD Assistant Surgeon General U.S. Public Health Service; Director, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Program, Grady Health Systems, Atlanta, Georgia Marsha L. Chaffins MD Senior Staff Physician Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan Richard E. Chaisson MD Professor Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and International Health, The Johns Hopkins University; Director, The Johns Hopkins Center for Tuberculosis Research, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland Sarah H. Cheeseman MD Professor Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, UMASS Memorial Health Care, Worcester, Massachusetts James E. Childs ScD Adjunct Professor Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia Anthony W. Chow MD Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Consultant Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vancouver Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Clay J. Cockerell MD Associate Professor Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas Mitchell L. Cohen MD Director Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Robert E. Condon MD, MSc, FNCS Professor Emeritus Department of Surgery, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Deborah Cotton MD, MPH Professor Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Chief, Department of Medical Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, Massachusetts William A. Craig MD Professor Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin; Consultant, Department of Medicine, William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin Burke A. Cunha MD, MACP Professor Department of Medicine, State University of New York School of Medicine at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York Carrie Ann Cusack MD Chief Resident Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan Jennifer S. Daly MD Associate Professor Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Clinical Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, UMASS Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts Richard F. D'Amato PhD Director Department of Infectious Diseases, ICON Laboratories, Inc., Farmingdale, New York Raymond J. Dattwyler MD Professor Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases, State University of New York at Stony Brook; Chief of Clinical Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University Hospital, Stony Brook, New York Raul Davaro MD Assistant Professor and Attending Physician Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts George S. Deepe Jr. MD Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio Mary Ann DeGroote MD Research Faculty Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; Infectious Disease Consultant, Department of Medicine, Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, Colorado E. Patchen Dellinger MD Professor and Vice-Chairman Department of Surgery; Chief, Division of General Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine; Associate Medical Director, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington David T. Dennis MD, MPH Faculty Affiliate Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University; Medical Epidemiologist, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado Stanley C. Deresinski MD Clinical Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Associate Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California Catherine Diamond MD, MPH Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California Arry Dieudonne MD Assistant Professor Department of Pediatrics, UMDNJ/New Jersey Medical School; Attending Physician, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Newark, New Jersey William E. Dismukes MD Professor and Vice-Chairman Department of Medicine; Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Attending Physician, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama Gary V. Doern MD Professor Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine; Director, Clinical Microbiology Laboratories, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa Michael S. Donnenberg MD Professor of Medicine; Head Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland J. Stephen Dumler MD Professor Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Director of Parasitology and Molecular Microbiology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland Herbert L. DuPont MD Director Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas-Houston School of Public Health; Mary W. Kelsey Professor, University of Texas- Houston; H. Irving Schweppe, Jr., Chair and Vice Chairman, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine; Chief, Internal Medicine, St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas William Jerry Durbin MD Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Pediatric Residency Director, Department of Pediatrics, UMASS Memorial Health Care, Worcester, Massachusetts George M. Eliopoulos MD Professor Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Richard T. Ellison III MD Professor of Medicine Molecular Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts Jerrold J. Ellner MD Professor and Chair Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School; Chief of Medical Service, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Newark, New Jersey Lawrence J. Eron MD Associate Professor Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii; Infectious Diseases Consultant, Kaiser Moanalua Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii David A. Eschenbach MD Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington Joseph J. Esposito PhD Coordinator of Collaborative Research and Senior Research Scientist Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia Max Essex DVM, PhD Chairman Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard AIDS Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts Michael J. G. Farthing DSc, MD, FRCP Professor and Executive Dean; Faculty of Medicine University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom David S. Feingold MD Professor Department of Dermatology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Robert Fekety MD Professor Emeritus Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan Kevin P. Fennelly MD, MPH Assistant Professor Department of Medicine, UMDNJ—New Jersey Medical School; Pulmonary Medicine Consultant, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Newark, New Jersey Robert W. Finberg MD Chair Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Chief, Department of Medicine, UMASS Memorial Health Care, Worcester, Massachusetts Douglas A. Finch MD Instructor Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Section of Infectious Diseases, Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York Sydney M. Finegold MD Professor Departments of Medicine, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Section of Infectious Diseases, VA Medical Center West Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California Joyce D. Fingeroth MD Associate Professor Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts Staci Ann Fischer MD Assistant Professor Department of Medicine; Director, Infectious Disease Fellowship, Brown Medical School; Attending Physician, Department of Medicine; Director, Outpatient Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island Thomas Foitzik MD Associate Professor Department of Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany Graeme N. Forrest MBBS Assistant Professor Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland David O. Freedman MD Professor Division of Geographic Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama Thomas R. Gadacz MD Moretz-Mansberger Professor and Chair Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia; Clinical Chief, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Inc., Augusta, Georgia Pierce Gardner MD Professor Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York Michael A. Gerber MD Professor Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Attending Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio Khalil G. Ghanem MD Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland David F. Giansiracusa MD Professor of Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical School; Staff Rheumatologist, Department of Medicine, UMASS Memorial Health Care, Worcester, Massachusetts Laura L. Gibson MD Assistant Professor Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, UMASS Memorial Health Care, Worcester, Massachusetts Richard A. Gleckman MD St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey Richard H. Glew MD Vice-Chair for Undergraduate Education and Faculty Affairs Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center; Active Medical Staff, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UMASS Memorial Health Care, Worcester, Massachusetts W. Paul Glezen MD Professor Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine; Attending Pediatrician, Department of Pediatrics, Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, Texas Howard S. Gold MD Assistant Professor Harvard Medical School; Attending Physician, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Marcia B. Goldberg MD Associate Professor Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Physician, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Matthew R. Golden MD, MPH Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington; Attending Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington Ellie J. C. Goldstein MD Clinical Professor of Medicine UCLA School of Medicine; Director, R. M. Alden Research Laboratory, Santa Monica, California Sherwood L. Gorbach MD Professor of Community Health, Medicine, and Molecular Biology/Microbiology Tufts University School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Tufts-New England Medical Center and Caritas St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts Eduardo Gotuzzo MD, FACP Principal Professor of Medicine Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Director, Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt;” Chairman, Department of Transmissible Diseases, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru John R. Graybill MD Professor Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; Staff Physician, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, San Antonio, Texas Sharone Green MD Associate Professor Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts Ronald A. Greenfield MD Professor and Chief Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Michael H. Grieco MD Professor Emeritus of Clinical Medicine Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York Diane E. Griffin MD, PhD Professor and Chair Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Patricia M. Griffin MD
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