Infectious Agents and Cancer PDF
Preview Infectious Agents and Cancer
Infectious Agents and Cancer Anton G. K utikhin (cid:129) Arseniy E. Yuzhalin Elena B. Brusina Infectious Agents and Cancer Anton G. Kutikhin Arseniy E. Yuzhalin Kemerovo State Medical Academy Kemerovo State Medical Academy Kemerovo Kemerovo Russia Russia Elena B. Brusina Kemerovo State Medical Academy Kemerovo Russia ISBN 978-94-007-5954-1 ISBN 978-94-007-5955-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5955-8 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012954428 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 This work is subject to copyright. 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Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) I dedicate this book to my beloved Carmen, who is my one and only, and who is the only one who knows the true reason why I have chosen the path of cancer biologist. From the very beginning to the fi nish of this book, she was with me, supporting me incessantly and granting me the power to continue writing. It could not have been possible to create this book without you, my one love. I also want to thank Evie, Leticia and Phoebe, who saved me in the hardest time of my life and who always told me I am able to go on in spite of any circumstances. This book keeps also a part of each of you. Anton G. Kutikhin, Kemerovo Preface This book is devoted to the role of infectious agents in the etiology of human cancer. Over the years of cancer investigation, a lot of discoveries in this fi eld were made, and many associations between various biological carcinogens and cancer risk were revealed. Some of them are credibly determined, thus these infectious agents (human papilloma virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpes virus 8, human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1, human immunode fi ciency virus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, H elicobacter pylori , Opisthorchis viverrini , Clonorchis sinensis , Schistosoma haematobium ) are recognized as carcinogens and probable carcinogens by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). They are not considered in this book since they were perfectly reviewed in a brilliant monograph Infections Causing Human Cancer authored by Nobel Prize Laureate Harald zur Hausen. The aim of this monograph is to analyze associations of other infectious agents with cancer risk (thus, it is admissible to call them “unconventional” from the point of view of cancer biologist and epidemiologist). To the best of our knowl- edge, this is the fi rst book devoted to this problem and highlighting its importance and topicality. Of note, virology is not considered in our monograph: although there are some viruses that can be connected with cancer but are not included into the IARC list (John Cunningham virus, herpes simplex virus-1 and -2, human cyto- megalovirus, simian virus 40, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus), we decided to leave them for the virologists and to concentrate our efforts on other infectious agents (bacteria, protozoa, helminths and fungi) since it will better cor- respond to the conception of this book. Firstly, we note the criteria of inclusion of infectious agents into the list of possible biological carcinogens, and then we brie fl y describe the general mechanisms of biological carcinogenesis related to the infec- tious agents analyzed in the monograph (again, we do not concern principles of viral carcinogenesis). In the second part of the book, we review and analyze the available published literature about the possibly carcinogenic infectious agents ( fi rstly bacteria, then protozoa, and, at last, helminths). In the last chapters, we sum- marize the data about the role of the whole s ystems of microorganisms (oral and gut microbiota) in the local and distant carcinogenesis. Finally, a brief conclusion about vii viii Preface the role of the “unconventional” carcinogenic infectious agents in cancer etiology, improving the conception of biological carcinogenesis is given. We prepared this book with the hope that it will be useful for the wide audience, particularly cancer researchers, epidemiologists, microbiologists, Ph.D., graduate and undergraduate students of biomedical faculties and their lecturers. Department of Epidemiology Anton G. Kutikhin Kemerovo State Medical Academy Kemerovo, Russian Federation Department of Epidemiology, Research Arseniy E. Yuzhalin Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases under the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Kemerovo State Medical Academy, Kemerovo, Russian Federation Head of the Department of Epidemiology Elena B. Brusina Kemerovo State Medical Academy Kemerovo, Russian Federation Contents 1 The Criteria of Inclusion of Infectious Agents in the List of Biological Carcinogens ........................................................................ 1 2 General Mechanisms of Biological Carcinogenesis............................... 3 2.1 Metabolic Mechanisms ..................................................................... 3 2.2 Immune Mechanisms ........................................................................ 4 2.3 Mechanisms Mediated by the Carcinogenic Activity of the Bacterial and Protozoan Toxins ............................................. 4 3 The Role of Bacteria in Cancer Development ....................................... 5 3.1 The Role of Bacteria in Cancer of the Digestive Tract ..................... 5 3.1.1 Helicobacter bilis ................................................................. 5 3.1.2 Helicobacter hepaticus ......................................................... 9 3.1.3 Campylobacter jejuni ........................................................... 16 3.1.4 Clostridium spp. ................................................................... 17 3.1.5 Bacteroides spp. ................................................................... 18 3.1.6 Salmonella typhi .................................................................. 20 3.1.7 Streptococcus spp. ............................................................... 24 3.2 The Role of Bacteria in Cancer of the Respiratory Tract ................. 27 3.2.1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis ................................................ 27 3.2.2 Chlamydia pneumoniae ....................................................... 29 3.3 The Role of Bacteria in Cancer of the Genitourinary Tract ............. 32 3.3.1 Gardnerella vaginalis , Treponema denticola , Bacteroides distasonis , Prevotella bivia , Mycoplasma hominis , Ureaplasma urealyticum .................. 32 3.3.2 Propionibacterium acnes ...................................................... 35 3.3.3 Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Treponema pallidum ................. 37 3.3.4 Chlamydia trachomatis ........................................................ 40 ix x Contents 3.4 The Role of Bacteria in Cancer of the Hematolymphopoietic System .............................................................................................. 50 3.4.1 Borrelia spp. ........................................................................ 50 3.4.2 Chlamydia psittaci ............................................................... 53 3.5 Additional Bacteria Anecdotally Associated with Cancer ............... 57 3.5.1 Bartonella henselae , Tropheryma whippelii , Staphylococcus lugdunensis , Porphyromonas gingivalis .................................................... 57 References ................................................................................................. 58 4 The Role of Protozoa in Cancer Development ...................................... 79 4.1 Toxoplasma gondii ........................................................................... 79 4.2 Cryptosporidium parvum .................................................................. 81 4.3 Trichomonas vaginalis ...................................................................... 82 References ................................................................................................. 84 5 The Role of Helminthes and Fungi in Cancer Development ........................................................................... 89 5.1 Taenia spp. ........................................................................................ 89 5.2 Strongyloides stercoralis .................................................................. 90 5.3 Fasciola hepatica, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis ............................................................ 91 References ................................................................................................. 91 6 Organ Microbiota in Cancer Development: The Holy Grail of Biological Carcinogenesis .................................................................... 93 6.1 The Role of Oral Microbiota in Cancer Development ..................... 93 6.2 The Role of Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer Development ........................................................................ 96 References ................................................................................................. 104 7 Conclusions: Are We There Yet? ............................................................ 111 Index ................................................................................................................ 115
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