Infant Nutrition

235 Pages·1994·5.913 MB·English

by  W. F. J. Cuthbertson (auth.), Ann F. Walker, Brian A. Rolls (eds.)

Infant Nutrition
Infant Nutrition
Editedby
ANN F. WALKER
Department0/FoodScience and Technology
The University 0/Reading, Reading, UK
and
BRIAN A. ROLLS
Institute 0/FoodResearch, ReadingLaboratory
Reading, UK
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.Y.
Firstedition 1994
© 1994 SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht
Typesetin 10/12ptPlantinbyGray Publishing,TunbridgeWells,Kent
OriginallypublishedbyChapman& Hallin1994.
Softcoverreprintofthehardcover1stedition
ISBN978-0-412-59140-2 ISBN978-1-4899-3212-9(eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-3212-9
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Contents
List ofcontributors ix
Preface xi
1. Infant foods in the United Kingdom from Victorian
times to the present day 1
w.P.J. Cuthbertson
Introduction 1
The historyofinfantfeeding in rhe United Kingdom from
Victorian times to the presentday 3
References 31
2. Nutrition during pregnancy: effects on the newborn 35
Jane B. Morgan
Introduction 35
Nutrition before conception and the outcome ofpregnancy 36
Matemalvitamin status and malformations ofthe neural tube 37
Diets in pregnancy and recommendations ofnutrientintake 40
Extremes in bodyweightin the mother 43
Matemal atopic disease and effects on the newbom 44
Matemal alcohol consumption and effects on the newbom 46
Matemal caffeine consumption and effects on the newbom 48
Hypertension and pre-eclarnpsia in pregnancy 49
Pregnancy, nutrition and the adolescent 50
Matemal nutritionalstatus and fetal growth 53
Intrauterine nutrition and intellectual performance and disease
programmingfor laterlife 55
Conclusions 57
References 57
vi Contents
3. Patterns and determinants ofinfant feeding practices
worldwide 61
Jean King andAnnAshworth
Introduction 61
Contemporarypatterns ofinfantfeeding 62
Determinants ofinfantfeeding practices 70
National programmes to promote and protectbreastfeeding 81
Conclusions 85
References 89
4. Perinatal development ofdigestive enzymes 93
JacquesRiby
Introduction 93
Protein digestion 95
Carbohydrate digestion 100
Fat digestion 108
Lactose intolerance 113
References 115
5. Infant growth and energy requirements: updating
reference values 117
AlisonA. Paul, PeterS.W Davies and RogerG. Whitehead
Introduction 117
Trends in infantfeeding 117
Growth ofbreast-fed and bottle-fedbabies 120
Growth standardsfor infancy 122
Energy requirements during infancy 130
References 138
6. Infant feeding and infectious disease 143
SuzanneFilteauandAndrew Tomkins
Introduction 143
Epidemiological association betweenbreastfeeding and
reduced infection 143
Breastmilk and enhancement ofimmunityin infants 148
Weaningfoods and infection 154
Conclusions 157
References 158
Contents vii
7. Use ofcows' milk in infant feeding with emphasis
on the compositional differences between human
and cows' milk 163
Elizabeth M.E. Poskitt
Introduction 163
Composition ofhuman and cows' milk 164
Whatisthe place for cows' milk in infantfeeding? 178
Modern infantformulas 179
How are modern infantformulas adapted? 179
Howwillformulas change in the future? 182
References 183
8. Food allergy and intolerance in infancy 187
D. AnneMoneret-Vautrin
Introduction 187
Prevalence 188
Food allergens: proteins and xenobiotics 189
Clinical characteristics offood allergy 193
Pseudoallergic reactions to food in children 197
Diagnosis 198
Treatment 201
Prevention ofsensitization to food allergens 203
Conclusions 204
References 204
9. Energy density ofweaning foods 209
Alizon Draper
Introduction 209
Foodfactors related to low energydensity 211
Low energy density as alimitingfactor for the energy intake of
young children 212
Studies offood intake in young children 213
Otherfactors influencing energy intake 214
Ways ofincreasingthe energy densityofweaningfoods 216
Conclusions 220
References 221
Index 224
Contributors
A.ASHWORTH
Centrefor Human Nutrition, London School0/Hygiene and Tropical
Medicine, KeppelStreet, London WC1E 7HT, UK
W.F.J. CUTHBERTSON
Harefield, Middlesex, UK
P.S.W.DAVIES
MRC Dunn Nutrition Centre,Downham'sLane, Milton Road,
CambridgeCB4 1XJ, UK
A. DRAPER
WorldCancerResearchFund, 11-12Buckingham Gate,
London SW1E 6LB, UK
S. FILTEAU
Centrefor International ChildHealth, Institute 0/Child Health,
30 GuilfordStreet, London WC1N 1EH, UK
J.KING
CancerResearchCampaign, 10Cambridge Terrace,
London NW1 4JL, UK
D.A. MONERET-VAUTRIN
ServicedeMedecine 'D', ImmunologieCliniqueetAllergologie, H6pitalde
Brabois, 54511 Vandoeuure-les-Nancy, France
x Contributors
J.B. MORGAN
SchoolofBiologicalSciences, UniuersityofSurrey,
GuildfordGU2 5XH, UK
A.A. PAUL
MRC DunnNutrition Centre,Doumham's Lane, Milton Road,
CambridgeCB4 1Xl, UK
E.M.E. POSKITT
MRC Dunn Nutrition Unit, Keneba, Fajara, nrBanjul,
PO Box 273, The Gambia
J.RIBY
CollegeofNaturalResources, AgriculturalExperimental Station,
DepartmentofNutritionalSciences,UniuersityofCalifornia,
Berkeley,CA 94720, USA
A. TOMKINS
Centrefor International Child Health, Institute ofChild Health,
30 GuilfordStreet, London WClN lEH, UK
R.G. WHITEHEAD
MRC DunnNutrition Centre, Doumham'sLane, Milton Road,
CambridgeCB4 1Xl, UK
Preface
Few people doubt that the mother's milk provides the best food for the
full-terrn infant during the first few months of life, when the digestive,
absorptive and excretory systems are relatively immature. The develop
ment ofthe digestive enzymes isdetailed in Chapter4. The significance of
this immaturity first emerged as a consequence ofthe pioneering work of
Professor Robert McCance and Dr Elsie Widdowson in human nutrition,
when they studied the electrolyte and nitrogen excretion of babies and
young animals. To quote Professor McCance, 'Inefficient though the
kidneys were by adult standards, they were capable ofmaintaininghomeo
stasis, provided the infant and animals were growing while being fed
on food of exactly the right composition - that is, the milk of the
mother.' (Ashwell, 1993).
One should notforget that although the mother protects the developing
baby against much nutritional abuse, the baby may be still be affected by
matemal nutrition, and this isdiscussed in Chapter2.
The superior qualities of breast milk are still recognized, and research
continues to discover yet more factors in breast milk significant to the
health of the baby for possible inclusion in formulas. The immature stage
of development ofthe babymeans that while enough nutrients for optimal
growth ofall tissues are required, excessive quantities may cause intoxica
tion. Tight specifications are essential, since unlike the adult the newbom
depends on a single food. The slow and sometimes painful development
of infant formulas is described in Chapter 1, and in Chapter 5 we are
reminded that our knowledge of the nutrient requirements of infants is
continuouslybeing updated.
There isprobably no other time in life when diet and health are so inti
mately related, a topic covered in Chapter 6. Human milk not only pro
vides the 'model' for formulating infant foods for those who cannot, for
whatever reason, be breast fed, but has other benefits to health that have
so far escaped replication. Although cows' milk has provided the basis for
infant feeds, there are important compositional differences from human
milk, as Chapter7 indicates.
As well as containing many factors to enhance immunity, it is widely