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Industrialization in the non-Western world PDF

267 Pages·1989·4.31 MB·English
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INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE NON-WESTERN WORLD This page intentionally left blank INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE NON-WESTERN WORLD Second Edition Tom Kemp O Routledge jj>^^ Taylor & Francis Group NEW YORK AND LONDON First published 1983 by Addison Wesley Limited Second edition 1989 Fifth impression 1998 Published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1983,1989, Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaf­ ter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, profes­ sional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowl­ edge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN 13: 978-0-582-02182-2 (pbk) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Kemp, Tom Industrialization in the non-Western world. 1. Industrialisation, to 1982 — Case studies I. Title 338'.00722 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kemp, Tom. Industrialization in the non-Western world / Tom Kemp.— 2nd ed. p. cm. Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 0-582-02182-0 (pbk.) 1. Industrialization—History. 2. Economic development -History. I. Title. HD2321.K433 1989 338.09—del 9 88-28581 CIP Set in 10/12pt Linotron Baskerville CONTENTS Acknowledgements viii Preface to the first edition ix Preface to the second edition xii 1. Industrialization: past and present 1 The beginnings of industrialization 1 Reasons for industrialization 5 The British model 6 American influence 9 The need for industrialization 11 Planned industrialization 11 Conditions of industrialization 14 The social cost 17 2. Japan: a meteoric rise 20 The Meiji period 21 Economic effects of the First World War 26 Conditions of labour 28 Economic crisis 30 War and the growth of nationalism 31 Recovery 35 Reasons for success 39 Social costs 48 3. The Soviet model: a critical view 50 Early industrialization 50 The Revolution and its aftermath 55 v Industrialization in the non-Western world The New Economic Policy 58 The Five-Year Plan 65 The consequences of collectivization 67 Industrialization 68 The human cost 69 The Second World War 70 Reconstruction 71 Modern Soviet industrialization 73 Present-day problems 73 Soviet industrialization as a model 77 Evaluation and interpretation 78 4. India’s industrialization: problems and pitfalls 84 The beginnings of capitalism 87 Results of the First World War 93 Results of the Second World War 95 The British withdrawal 97 Planning 98 The Second Plan and after 102 Modern Indian industrialization 103 The Third Plan 104 Reasons for failure: the lack of agrarian change 109 Poverty 112 5. China: the slumbering giant awakes 115 The old order 117 Foreign influence 120 The new regime 128 Planning 132 The Great Leap Forward 134 The Cultural Revolution 137 The new orthodoxy 139 A relative success? 143 6. Brazil: dependent industrialization 148 Portuguese colonization 149 The British influence 152 Modernization 156 Depression 158 Towards industrialization 160 Results of the ISI strategy 161 The new regime 167 The current industrial scene 171 vi Contents 7. Nigerian industrialization: African variant 176 The colonial inheritance 176 The growth of nationalism 181 National planning 186 The growth of industrialization 188 Indigenization 190 8. Industrialization in the ‘developing’ countries 198 Origins of underdevelopment 199 Modern disadvantages 203 Developments after the First World War 204 Developments after the Second World War 205 Industrialization of smaller countries in Asia 208 Influence of the MNCs 213 Newly industrializing countries and the world market 220 Egypt 222 The world economic crisis 224 Success of industrialization? 225 Social consequences 227 9. Conclusions 229 Comparative models 230 Bibliography 237 Supplementary Bibliography (Second Edition) 242 Index 245 Acknowledgements We are indebted to the World Bank and Oxford University Press (New York) for permission to reproduce our table on pp. 214—17. Preface to the first edition Industrialization is increasingly being studied by economists and economic historians as a process in its own right which brought into being the modern world. It is widely seen as the major means through which those areas of the world which suffer from poverty and backwardness can move closer to the advanced nations. It is seen as the key to both ‘growth’, in the sense of an increase in per capita incomes and ‘development’, meaning a more rounded structural transformation. In its approach to industrialization, this book follows two previ­ ous books. The first, Industrialization in Nineteenth Century Europe (Longman 1969) confined itself to those European countries which followed in Britain’s tracks before the First World War. The second, Historical Patterns of Industrialization (Longman 1978), besides taking up some general themes such as technology, transport and banking and their relationship to industrialization, also included some brief case-studies of non-European countries. This volume carries on the story into the twentieth century, linking the case studies of the earlier books and concentrating on the ‘non-Western World’. The phrase, ‘non-Western World’, needs a word of explanation. It is used here in a mainly geographical sense, to indicate that the older industrial countries of Western Europe and North America have been excluded. The emphasis is thus on the late-comers or followers on the path of industrialization outside those areas. It is not denied that the Soviet Union shares many ‘Western’ traditions, or that they have made a deep imprint on some of the other coun­ tries discussed here. However, development in these ‘non-Western’ countries has to be seen, as far as possible in their own terms while avoiding a Euro-centred approach. ix

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