Industrialization in the non-Western world

267 Pages·2014·4.314 MB·English

by  Kemp, Tom

INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE NON-WESTERN WORLD
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INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE
NON-WESTERN WORLD
Second Edition
Tom Kemp
O Routledge
jj>^^ Taylor & Francis Group
NEW YORK AND LONDON
First published 1983 by Addison Wesley Limited
Second edition 1989
Fifth impression 1998
Published 2013 by Routledge
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Copyright © 1983,1989, Taylor & Francis.
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ISBN 13: 978-0-582-02182-2 (pbk)
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Kemp, Tom
Industrialization in the non-Western
world.
1. Industrialisation, to 1982 — Case
studies
I. Title
338'.00722
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kemp, Tom.
Industrialization in the non-Western world / Tom Kemp.— 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-582-02182-0 (pbk.)
1. Industrialization—History. 2. Economic development -History.
I. Title.
HD2321.K433 1989
338.09—del 9 88-28581
CIP
Set in 10/12pt Linotron Baskerville
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements viii
Preface to the first edition ix
Preface to the second edition xii
1. Industrialization: past and present 1
The beginnings of industrialization 1
Reasons for industrialization 5
The British model 6
American influence 9
The need for industrialization 11
Planned industrialization 11
Conditions of industrialization 14
The social cost 17
2. Japan: a meteoric rise 20
The Meiji period 21
Economic effects of the First World War 26
Conditions of labour 28
Economic crisis 30
War and the growth of nationalism 31
Recovery 35
Reasons for success 39
Social costs 48
3. The Soviet model: a critical view 50
Early industrialization 50
The Revolution and its aftermath 55
v
Industrialization in the non-Western world
The New Economic Policy 58
The Five-Year Plan 65
The consequences of collectivization 67
Industrialization 68
The human cost 69
The Second World War 70
Reconstruction 71
Modern Soviet industrialization 73
Present-day problems 73
Soviet industrialization as a model 77
Evaluation and interpretation 78
4. India’s industrialization: problems and pitfalls 84
The beginnings of capitalism 87
Results of the First World War 93
Results of the Second World War 95
The British withdrawal 97
Planning 98
The Second Plan and after 102
Modern Indian industrialization 103
The Third Plan 104
Reasons for failure: the lack of agrarian change 109
Poverty 112
5. China: the slumbering giant awakes 115
The old order 117
Foreign influence 120
The new regime 128
Planning 132
The Great Leap Forward 134
The Cultural Revolution 137
The new orthodoxy 139
A relative success? 143
6. Brazil: dependent industrialization 148
Portuguese colonization 149
The British influence 152
Modernization 156
Depression 158
Towards industrialization 160
Results of the ISI strategy 161
The new regime 167
The current industrial scene 171
vi
Contents
7. Nigerian industrialization: African variant 176
The colonial inheritance 176
The growth of nationalism 181
National planning 186
The growth of industrialization 188
Indigenization 190
8. Industrialization in the ‘developing’ countries 198
Origins of underdevelopment 199
Modern disadvantages 203
Developments after the First World War 204
Developments after the Second World War 205
Industrialization of smaller countries in Asia 208
Influence of the MNCs 213
Newly industrializing countries and the world market 220
Egypt 222
The world economic crisis 224
Success of industrialization? 225
Social consequences 227
9. Conclusions 229
Comparative models 230
Bibliography 237
Supplementary Bibliography (Second Edition) 242
Index 245
Acknowledgements
We are indebted to the World Bank and Oxford University Press
(New York) for permission to reproduce our table on pp. 214—17.
Preface to the first edition
Industrialization is increasingly being studied by economists and
economic historians as a process in its own right which brought
into being the modern world. It is widely seen as the major means
through which those areas of the world which suffer from poverty
and backwardness can move closer to the advanced nations. It is
seen as the key to both ‘growth’, in the sense of an increase in
per capita incomes and ‘development’, meaning a more rounded
structural transformation.
In its approach to industrialization, this book follows two previ­
ous books. The first, Industrialization in Nineteenth Century Europe
(Longman 1969) confined itself to those European countries which
followed in Britain’s tracks before the First World War. The second,
Historical Patterns of Industrialization (Longman 1978), besides taking
up some general themes such as technology, transport and banking
and their relationship to industrialization, also included some brief
case-studies of non-European countries. This volume carries on
the story into the twentieth century, linking the case studies of the
earlier books and concentrating on the ‘non-Western World’.
The phrase, ‘non-Western World’, needs a word of explanation.
It is used here in a mainly geographical sense, to indicate that the
older industrial countries of Western Europe and North America
have been excluded. The emphasis is thus on the late-comers or
followers on the path of industrialization outside those areas. It is
not denied that the Soviet Union shares many ‘Western’ traditions,
or that they have made a deep imprint on some of the other coun­
tries discussed here. However, development in these ‘non-Western’
countries has to be seen, as far as possible in their own terms while
avoiding a Euro-centred approach.
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