INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT A Guidebook Joseph D. Edwards, Ph.D., P.E. Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First published 1995 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2018 by CRC Press © 1995 by CRC Press, Inc. CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Edwards, Joseph D. Industrial wastewater treatment: a guidebook / Joseph D. Edwards. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-112-0 1. Factory and trade waste—Purification. 2. Sewage— Purification. I. Title. TD897.5.E33 1995 628.3—dc20 95-5800 A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 95005800 Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89440-9 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07350-9 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com THE AUTHOR Joseph D. Edwards, P.E., Ph.D., has worked in industry, consulting, academia, and government. He has implemented new industrial processes, fixed old ones, designed and started up waste treatment processes, determined the cause of treatment plant upsets, assessed the impact of new production pro- cesses on waste management activities, and devel- oped hazardous waste reduction plans. In addition, he has developed local limits for industrial dis- charges, reviewed process engineering reports for wastewater treatment systems, written permits for industrial dischargers, developed compliance plans, conducted analysis of the effects of discharges on municipal treatment plants, and helped to revise state regulations regarding the discharge of dangerous waste to the sanitary sewer. He is the co-inventor of a patented process for removing toxic organics and metals from manufacturing wastewater. Dr. Edwards earned a B.S. in Chemistry, a M.S. in Civil Engineering, Air Resources, and a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering, Environmental Science and Technology, from the University of Washington. His Ph.D. dissertation evalu- ates the use of diffusion dialysis for the recovery of acids from spent process solutions. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Washington. Dr. Edwards can be reached via e-mail at [email protected]. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to the three shops who let me share their experience in the appendices and pilot test examples and who reviewed the text to help to ensure that it is accurate. Thanks to the shop that provided the photograph of the sink for the front cover. Thanks to Rick Renaud, P.E. (Municipality of Metropolitan King County, Metro) and Professor Mark Benjamin (University of Washington) for support- ing this book in its proposal stage and having confidence that it could be done. Most of all I want to thank my wife, Belle Randall Edwards, for her help and encouragement. She read the book cover-to-cover and made many helpful comments. She also provided much needed moral support. CONTENTS 1. How to Use This Book 1 Introduction 1 Book Outline 3 Chapter 2: Characterizing Your Wastewater Chapter 3: Determining Your Wastewater Management Limitations 3 Chapter 4: Developing Wastewater Management Alternatives 4 Chapter 5: Evaluating the Alternatives 4 Chapter 6: Selecting the Best Alternative 5 Chapter 7: Implementing the Wastewater Treatment System 5 Chapter 8: Working with Suppliers 6 Chapter 9: Annotated Bibliography 6 Appendices 7 2. Characterizing Your Wastewater 9 Introduction 9 The Source- Where Is the Wastewater Generated? 10 The Volume- How Much Wastewater Is Produced? 13 The Generation Pattern- When Is It Discharged? 16 The Contaminants-What Does the Wastewater Contain? 17 Wastewater Parameters of Concern 18 pH 18 Flash Point 19 Temperature 19 Heavy Metal Concentrations 20 Organic Compounds Present and Their Concentrations 21 Fat, Oil, and Grease (FOG) Concentration 21 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 22 What Is in the Products You Use? 22 What Is Removed from the Material Being Processed? 23 What Do Others Know About Your Wastewater? 23 Sampling Your Wastewater 24 What Waste Streams Will Be Sampled? 25 Who Will Take the Samples? 25 What Safety Precautions Will the Sampler Take? 26 How Many Samples Will Be Taken and When Will the Samples Be Taken? 26 How Will the Samples Be Obtained? 27 Use a Pan or Bucket 27 Use an Automatic Sampler 28 Collect All of the Wastewater 30 Take Grab Samples Manually at Predetermined Intervals 30 How Will the Samples Be Handled? 31 What Methods Will Be Used to Analyze the Samples? 31 What Information and Data Will Be Reported? 31 3. Determining Wastewater Management Limitations 33 Introduction 33 Regulatory Considerations 33 Wastewater Discharge Regulations 35 Sanitary Sewers 37 Storm Drains 42 Septic Tank Systems 44 Hazardous Waste 44 Solid Waste 45 Air Pollution Control 46 Industrial Hygiene and Safety 47 Recycler's Requirements 47 Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Requirements 48 Budgetary Considerations 48 Shop Impact Considerations 49 4. Developing Wastewater Management Alternatives 51 Introduction 51 Do Not Produce Out-Of-Compliance Wastewater 52 Change the Process 52 Segregate the Waste Streams 53 Change the Parts 54 Collect Your Wastewater and Have It Hauled Away 54 Install a Wastewater Treatment System 54 Descriptions of Some Available Treatment Technologies 55 Physical/Chemical Treatment 55 Gravity Separation 55 Oil Water Separators 55 Clarifiers 57 Catch Basins and Sumps 58 Filtration 58 Chemical Precipitation 60 Evaporation 64 Oxidation 64 Reduction 65 Air Stripping 65 Activated Carbon Adsorption 66 Ion Exchange and Adsorption by Other Media 67 Electrolytic Recovery 67 Membrane Separation 68 Thermal Treatment 69 Biological Treatment 69 System Design Options 70 Do-It-Yourself System 70 Purchased System 70 Haul It Away 70 Information Sources 70 Contact Shops 70 Contact Trade Associations 71 Contact Suppliers 71 Go to the Library and Bookstores 71 Contact Regulatory Agencies for Information 71 List the Alternatives 72 5. Evaluating the Alternatives 73 Introduction 73 Evaluation Criteria for a Wastewater Treatment System 73 Evaluation of Alternatives to a Pretreatment System 74 Process Changes 74 Chemical Recovery 76 Evaluation of Alternatives 76 See It in Action 76 Do a Bench Test 77 Chemical Precipitation Bench Test Example 77 Equipment Needed 77 Preparing for the Test 80 Run a Blank 80 Run an Oily Water Blank 81 Try It on Your Wastewater 81 Do a Pilot Test 84 Pilot Test Example 85 6. Selecting the Best Alternative 89 Introduction 89 First Screening - Rough Cut 89 Second Screening -A Closer Look 89 Does It Work? 90 What Does It Cost? 91 Purchase and Installation 91 Operation and Maintenance 93 Disposal of Treatment Residue 94 Operating Requirements 94 Treated Water Disposal 94 Waste Treatment Residual Disposal 94 Do It Yourself or Buy a Packaged Plant 95 Benefits and Deficiencies 95 Cost Benefit Analysis 96 Make Your Decision 97 7. Implementing the Wastewater Treatment System 99 Introduction 99 Minimum Documentation Requirements 100 Document the Design Basis 100 Prepare the Final Design 103 Prepare an Operations and Maintenance Manual 105 Obtain the Necessary Permits 105 Train Shop Personnel 107 Install the Equipment 108 Start Up and Evaluate the Treatment System 108 Troubleshoot Problems 109 Operate and Maintain the Treatment System 110 8. Working with Suppliers 113 Introduction 113 What Is a Vendor? 114 What Is a Consultant? 114 Working with Suppliers 114 Experience Level 114 Reputation with Other Businesses and Regulators 115 The Approach 116 Before You Contact the Suppliers 116 When You Contact the Suppliers 116 When the Suppliers Visit 117 9. Annotated Bibliography 119 Introduction 119 Chemistry and Hazard References 121 Regulatory References 124 Wastewater Treatment Technology References 125 Information Source References 136 Appendix 1. Boatyard Wastewater Treatment Example 139 Background 139 Waste Characterization 139 Evaluation and Selection of Alternatives 139 Implementation of the System 141 Appendix 2. Automotive Machine Shop Wastewater Treatment 145 Introduction 145 Reason for Installing the System 145 Description of the Process Generating the Wastewater 145 Old Facility 145 New Facility 146 Wastewater Characterization- Volume, Analysis, and Frequency of Generation 146 How the System Was Selected, Including What Testing and Evaluation Was Done 146 Cost of Installation 149 Operation and Maintenance Requirements and Cost 149 Regulatory Requirements - Pretreatment Program, PSAPCA, and Others 151 Resultant Cost Savings 151 Appendix 3. Oily Wastewater Treatment Example 153 Introduction 153 Treatment System Development 153 Operations and Maintenance 155 Regulatory Requirements 159 Resultant Cost Savings 159 Index 161