Industrial Ventilation Design Guidebook: Volume 1: Fundamentals PDF
Preview Industrial Ventilation Design Guidebook: Volume 1: Fundamentals
INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION DESIGN GUIDEBOOK SECOND EDITION INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION DESIGN GUIDEBOOK Volume 1: Fundamentals SECOND EDITION Edited by H D. G OWARD OODFELLOW DepartmentofChemicalEngineeringandAppliedChemistry,UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada R K ISTO OSONEN DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,AaltoUniversity,Espoo,Finland CollegeofUrbanConstruction,NanjingTechUniversity,Nanjing,P.R.China AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods, compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthe safetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/or damagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-816780-9 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionsEditor:CarrieBolger EditorialProjectManager:CharlotteRowley ProductionProjectManager:NirmalaArumugam CoverDesigner:MarkRogers TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Contents List of Contributors ix 3.3.3 Moistureload 26 Contributors of previous edition(cid:1) xi 3.3.4 Emissionrateofpollutants 26 3.3.5 Calculationofairbalanceandheatbalance 26 Preface xiii 3.4 Designforventilationsystem 26 Acknowledgements xv 3.4.1 Principleofventilationdesign 26 3.4.2 Mixingventilation 26 3.4.3 Displacementventilation 28 1. Introduction 1 3.4.4 Attachmentventilation 29 HOWARDD.GOODFELLOW 3.5 Localventilation 33 3.5.1 Introduction 33 1.1 Goals/benefits 1 3.5.2 Designprincipleoflocalexhaustsystem 33 1.1.1 Goals 1 3.5.3 Compositionoflocalexhaustsystem 34 1.1.2 Benefits 2 3.6 Industrialventilationductdesign 34 1.2 Historyandstateoftheart 2 3.6.1 Ductlosses 34 1.3 IndustrialVentilationDesignGuidebook—IVDGB(2001) 3 3.6.2 Lowresistancecomponents 35 1.4 IndustrialVentilationDesignGuidebook—IVDGB(2020) 3 3.6.3 Considerationsaboutductdesign 36 1.5 Futuredirectionsandopportunities 7 3.6.4 Calculationofductdesign 36 1.5.1 Background 7 3.6.5 Ductdesignmethods 36 1.5.2 China 7 References 37 1.5.3 Europe 8 Furtherreading 37 1.5.4 NorthAmerica(examplegivenisbasedonOntario, Canada) 9 4. Physical fundamentals 39 1.5.5 Japan 10 1.6 Opportunities 12 HOWARDD.GOODFELLOW(cid:1)ANDERICF.CURD References 14 4.1 Fluidflow 39 4.1.1 Fluidproperties 39 2. Terminology 15 4.1.2 Constantsforwater 42 4.1.3 Constantsforgases 43 HOWARDD.GOODFELLOW 4.1.4 Propertiesofairandwatervapor 43 2.1 Maindefinitions 15 4.1.5 Liquidflow 43 2.2 Zones 15 4.2 Statevaluesofhumidair—Mollierdiagramsandtheir 2.3 Industrialair-conditioningsystems 15 applications 50 2.4 Localexhaustventilationsystems 17 4.2.1 Propertiesofairandothergases 50 2.5 Gas-cleaningsystems 17 4.2.2 Fundamentals 51 2.6 Definitionsoftypesofair 18 4.2.3 Watervaporpressureinthepresenceofair 52 4.2.4 Vaporpressureofwaterandiceandcalculationof humidairstatevalues 54 3. Industrial ventilation design method 19 4.2.5 ConstructionofaMollierdiagram 55 ANGUILI,RISTOKOSONENANDKIMHAGSTRO¨M 4.2.6 Determinationofairhumidity 59 4.2.7 Statechangesofhumidair 65 3.1 General 19 4.2.8 Exampleofcoolingtowerdimensioning 68 3.2 Designmethodologydescription 19 4.3 Heatandmasstransfer 72 3.2.1 Explanationsofthedesignprocess 19 4.3.1 Differentformsofheattransfer 72 3.2.2 Explanationsofbackcouplings(BC)inthedesign 4.3.2 Analogywiththetheoryofelectricity 74 process 24 4.3.3 Heatconduction 76 3.3 Determinationofventilationairflowrate 25 4.3.4 Heatconvection 78 3.3.1 Calculationofventilationairflowrate 25 4.3.5 Thermalradiation 81 3.3.2 Heatload 25 4.3.6 Masstransfercoefficient 85 v vi CONTENTS 4.3.7 Heatandmasstransferdifferentialequationsinthe 6.1.1 Introduction 227 boundarylayerandthecorrespondinganalogy 87 6.1.2 Factorsaffectingthetargetlevels 227 4.3.8 Diffusionthroughaporousmaterial 91 6.1.3 Settingprinciplesoftargetlevel 228 4.3.9 Exampleofdryingprocesscalculation 93 6.1.4 Useoftargetlevels 228 4.3.10 Evaporationfromamulticomponentliquidsystem 95 6.1.5 Combinationoftargetlevelsanddesign 4.4 Waterpropertiesandtreatment 96 methodology 228 4.4.1 Introduction 96 6.2 Occupationalexposurelimit 229 4.4.2 Commonwaterimpurities 96 6.2.1 Introduction 229 4.4.3 Coolingwatersystems 97 6.2.2 Typesofoccupationalexposurelimits 230 4.4.4 Watertreatment 100 6.2.3 Settingoccupationalexposurelimits 230 Reference 109 6.2.4 Occupationalexposureassessment 232 6.3 Targetlevelofthermalenvironment 232 5. Physiological and toxicological considerations 111 6.3.1 Introduction 232 6.3.2 Thermalenvironmentassessment 234 LARRYG.BERGLUND,SIRKKARISSANEN,KIRSIJUSSILA,JONATHANW. KAUFMAN,PA¨IVIPIIRILA¨,KAIM.SAVOLAINEN,PENTTIKALLIOKOSKI, 6.4 Targetlevelsforindustrialairquality 241 PERTTIPASANEN(cid:1),MATTIVILUKSELA,ULFLANDSTRO¨M,PEKKA 6.4.1 Introduction 241 SAARINEN,JAANARYSA¨ ANDRISTOJUVONEN 6.4.2 Groundsforassessingtargetlevelsfor industrialairquality 242 5.1 Thermalcomfort 111 References 243 5.1.1 Introduction 111 5.1.2 Primaryfactors 112 5.1.3 Bodycontroltemperatures 114 7. Principles of air and contaminant movement 5.1.4 Clothing 115 inside and around buildings 245 5.1.5 Comfortzones 118 5.1.6 Spatialandtemporalnonuniformity 121 ALEXANDERZHIVOV,HA˚KONSKISTAD,ELISABETHMUNDT, 5.1.7 Thermalradiationandoperativetemperature 122 VLADIMIRPOSOKHIN,MIKERATCLIFF,EUGENESHILKROT, ANDREYSTRONGIN,XIANTINGLI(cid:1),TENGFEIZHANG,FUYUNZHAO, 5.1.8 Futureperspectives 123 XIAOLIANGSHAOANDYANGYANG 5.2 Humanrespiratorytractphysiology 124 5.2.1 Introduction 124 7.1 Introduction 245 5.2.2 Anatomicaloverview 124 7.2 Contaminantsources 246 5.2.3 Ventilationpatterns 132 7.2.1 Classification 246 5.2.4 Mucociliaryclearance 138 7.2.2 Nonbuoyantcontaminantsources 247 5.2.5 Airwayheatandwatervaportransport 139 7.2.3 Emissionfromheatsources 248 5.2.6 Endogenousammoniaproduction 142 7.2.4 Sourcesofdust 250 5.2.7 Respiratorydefensemechanisms 143 7.2.5 Sourcesofmoistureemission 251 5.3 Toxicityandrisksinducedbyoccupationalexposureto 7.2.6 Sourceofmistemission 253 chemicalcompounds 148 7.2.7 Explosivegases,vapors,anddustmixtures 254 5.3.1 Introductionandbackground 148 7.2.8 Identificationofcontaminantsources 255 5.3.2 Exposuretochemicalsubstances 157 7.3 Transportmechanismofcontaminantinventilatedspace 258 5.3.3 Kineticsofchemicalcompounds 161 7.3.1 Factorsinfluencingroomairflow 258 5.3.4 Toxiceffectsofchemicals 169 7.3.2 Typicalairflowpatterns 259 5.3.5 Exposureassessment 198 7.3.3 Quantitativeeffectsofvariousfactorson 5.3.6 Toxicity,risks,andriskassessment 201 contaminantdistribution 262 5.4 Ventilationnoise—characteristics,effects,andsuggested 7.3.4 Analyticalexpressionfortransienttransportof counter-measures 206 passivecontaminant 264 5.4.1 Occurrence 206 7.4 Airjets 264 5.4.2 Ventilationnoiseasanenvironmentalproblem 207 7.4.1 Introduction 264 5.4.3 Physicalcharacteristics 207 7.4.2 Classification 265 5.4.4 Noisegeneration 208 7.4.3 Isothermalfreejet 265 5.4.5 Effectsonhumans 213 7.4.4 Nonisothermalfreejets 271 5.4.6 Measures 216 7.4.5 Jetsinconfinedspaces 282 5.4.7 Eliminationofdifferentventilationnoisesources 216 7.4.6 Jetinteraction 294 5.4.8 Exposurelimits 217 7.4.7 Applicationsofairjets 301 5.5 Glossary 217 7.4.8 Effectivenessofairjettodifferentareas 302 References 219 7.5 Plumes 302 7.5.1 Naturalconvectionflows 302 6. Target levels 227 7.5.2 Nonconfinedandnonstratifiedenvironments 303 CONGXINHUANG(cid:1),JISHUAIMAANDANGUILI 7.5.3 Plumeinteraction 306 7.5.4 Plumesinconfinedspaces 307 6.1 Overviewoftargetlevels 227 7.5.5 Plumesinroomswithtemperaturestratification 309 vii CONTENTS 7.5.6 Effectofplumesontransportofcontaminant 319 8.5.3 Pistonflow 390 7.6 Airflownearexhausts 319 8.5.4 Displacementflow 391 7.6.1 Introduction 319 8.5.5 Zonalairdistribution 392 7.6.2 Airmovementnearsinks 320 8.6 Locationofgeneralexhaust 399 7.7 Aircurtains 323 8.6.1 Exhaustsinnonstratifiedroomair 399 7.7.1 Introduction 323 8.6.2 Exhaustofbuoyantcontaminants 399 7.7.2 Typesofaircurtains 326 8.6.3 Exhaustsinstratifiedroomair 401 7.7.3 Applicationsofaircurtains 327 8.6.4 Locationofgeneralexhausttocreate 7.7.4 Principleofcalculation 331 displacementflow 401 7.7.5 Operationoftheaircurtain 334 8.7 Airrecirculation 403 7.7.6 Designofanaircurtaindevice 334 8.7.1 Introduction 403 7.7.7 Effectofaircurtainontransportofcontaminant 336 8.7.2 Differentrecirculatingsystems 403 7.8 Airmovementaroundbuildingsandthroughabuilding 8.7.3 Centralrecirculationsystem 404 envelope 337 8.7.4 Localrecirculation 405 7.8.1 Airflowaroundbuildings 337 8.7.5 Conclusion 406 7.8.2 Infiltrationandexfiltration 343 8.8 Heatingofindustrialpremises 407 7.8.3 Airflowthroughlargeopeningsandgates 346 8.8.1 General 407 7.8.4 Principlesofnaturalventilationand“pumping 8.8.2 Theheatingpowerdemand 407 mechanism” 347 8.8.3 Theheatingenergydemand 407 7.8.5 Airandcontaminantmovementbetweenbuilding 8.8.4 Radiantheating 408 zones 352 8.8.5 Hotairblowers 411 7.8.6 Airandcontaminantmovementinneighborhood 8.8.6 Airjets 412 scaleandurbanscale 355 8.8.7 Floorheating 413 References 362 References 414 Furtherreading 368 9. Air-handling processes 417 8. Room air conditioning 371 GUANGYUCAO(cid:1),JORMARAILIO,ERICF.CURD,MARKOHYTTINEN, PENGLIU,HANSMARTINMATHISEN,DOROTABELKOWSKA- RISTOKOSONEN(cid:1)ANDBINZHOU WOLOCZKO,MARIAJUSTO-ALONSO,PAULWHITE,CHRISCOXONAND TERJEARNEWENAAS 8.1 Introduction 371 8.2 Basisforairconditioningdesign 371 9.1 Introduction 417 8.2.1 Industrialprocessdescription 371 9.1.1 Scopeandpurpose 417 8.2.2 Requirementsforindoorenvironment 372 9.1.2 Aimsofanair-handlingsystem,including 8.2.3 Architecturaldesignforanindustrialenclosure 373 theunitandductwork 417 8.2.4 Workerinvolvementintheproductionprocess 374 9.2 Airfilters 418 8.2.5 Loadcalculation 375 9.2.1 Whyairfilters? 418 8.2.6 Characterizationofroomairflowandthermal 9.2.2 Atmosphericairanddust 418 conditionsbasedonindustrialproductionprocessand 9.2.3 Filtersandtestmethods 419 envelope 375 9.2.4 Filtersinoperation 421 8.2.7 Analysesandactionstobeconsideredpriorto 9.2.5 Life-cycleissues 423 performingroomairconditioningdesign 376 9.2.6 Summary 424 8.3 Effectiveandefficientventilation 376 9.3 Heatexchangersandheat-recoveryunits 425 8.3.1 Ventilationefficiencyindices 376 9.3.1 Generaltheoryofheatexchangers 425 8.3.2 Contaminantremovaleffectiveness 377 9.3.2 Platefin-and-tubeheatexchangers 430 8.3.3 Contaminantremovalefficiency 377 9.3.3 Additionalconsiderationsofusingheat 8.3.4 Airexchangeefficiency 377 exchangersandheat-recoveryunits 435 8.3.5 Airdistributionperformanceindex 378 9.4 Air-handlingprocesses 435 8.4 Roomairconditioningstrategies 378 9.4.1 Air-heatingequipment 435 8.4.1 Introduction 378 9.4.2 Humidificationanddehumidification 440 8.4.2 Classificationforroomairconditioningstrategies 379 9.4.3 Airdistribution 446 8.4.3 Pistonstrategy 380 9.5 Fans 455 8.4.4 Stratificationstrategy 381 9.5.1 General 455 8.4.5 Zoningstrategy 382 9.5.2 Centrifugalfan 458 8.4.6 Mixingstrategy 385 9.5.3 Axialfans 464 8.4.7 Applicationofthestrategyinsystemselection 386 9.5.4 Effectofspeedofrevolution 466 8.4.8 Summary 387 9.5.5 Fanandductnetwork 467 8.5 Airdistributionmethodsanddimensioning 387 9.5.6 Seriesfanconnection 469 8.5.1 Selectionofairsupplymethod 387 9.5.7 Fanvolumeflowregulation 470 8.5.2 Mixingairdistribution 387 9.6 AutomaticcontrolofHVACsystems 472 viii CONTENTS 9.6.1 Methodsforautomationcontrol 473 9.8 Soundreductioninair-handlingsystems 486 9.6.2 Maintypesofcontrolequipmentand 9.8.1 Basicconcepts 486 automationlevel 473 9.8.2 Free-fieldnoisetransmission 489 9.6.3 Generaltechnicalrequirements 473 9.8.3 Criteriaforacceptableair-handlingunitsand 9.6.4 Automationequipmentandinstrumentation 473 HVACsystemnoiselevels 491 9.6.5 Process 474 9.9 Fundamentalsofenergysystemoptimizationin 9.6.6 Controller 474 industrialbuildings 492 9.6.7 Thechoiceofcontrollers 475 9.9.1 Designaspectsofenergy-efficientsystems 494 9.6.8 Sensors 476 9.10 Specialconsiderationsandsystemdesignaspects 495 9.6.9 PlacingofsensorsinHVACsystems 476 9.10.1 Aspectsrelatedtothequalityofextractor 9.6.10 Changingspeedbyusingfrequencyconverters 477 exhaustair 495 9.6.11 Buildingthecontrolstation 478 9.10.2 Otherquestions 496 9.7 Airdistributionsystem,ductwork 479 References 496 9.7.1 Frictionlosscalculation 479 9.7.2 Designmethods 481 Appendix 497 9.7.3 Thermallossesbytransmission 481 9.7.4 Airleakagefromductwork 482 9.7.5 Ductworkcomponentsforsafetyinventilation 482 Index 555 List of Contributors DorotaBelkowska-Woloczko DeltaControlsInc.,Surrey, HansMartinMathisen NorwegianUniversityofScience BC,Canada andTechnology,Trondheim,Norway LarryG.Berglund TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan ElisabethMundt KTH,RoyalInstituteofTechnology, GuangyuCao NorwegianUniversityofScienceand Stockholm,Sweden Technology,Trondheim,Norway PerttiPasanen DepartmentofEnvironmentaland ChrisCoxon AFPAirTechLtd,Morten,UnitedKingdom BiologicalSciences,UniversityofEasternFinland,Kuopio, Finland EricF.Curd ConsultingEngineer,WestKirby, Pa¨iviPiirila¨ HelsinkiUniversityHospital,Helsinki, UnitedKingdom;PrivateConsultant,WestKirby, UnitedKingdom Finland HowardD.Goodfellow DepartmentofChemical VladimirPosokhin KazanStateArchitectural(cid:1)Construction Academy,Kazan,Russia EngineeringandAppliedChemistry,Universityof Toronto,Toronto,ON,Canada JormaRailio IndependentExpert,Ha¨meenlinna,Finland KimHagstro¨m FacultyofMechanicalEngineering, MikeRatcliff RowanWilliamsDavies&IrwinInc., HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,Espoo,Finland Guelph,ON,Canada CongxinHuang NorthwestElectricPowerDesignInstitute SirkkaRissanen FinnishInstituteofOccupationalHealth, Co.,Ltd.ofChinaPowerEngineeringConsultingGroup, Oulu,Finland Xi’an,P.R.China JaanaRysa¨ SchoolofPharmacy,UniversityofEastern MarkoHyttinen UniversityofEasternFinland,Kuopio, Finland,Kuopio,Finland Finland PekkaSaarinen TurkuUniversityofAppliedSciences, KirsiJussila FinnishInstituteofOccupationalHealth, Turku,Finland Oulu,Finland KaiM.Savolainen FinnishInstituteofOccupational MariaJusto-Alonso NorwegianUniversityofScienceand Health,Oulu,Finland Technology,Trondheim,Norway;SINTEFCommunity, XiaoliangShao UniversityofScienceandTechnology Trondheim,Norway Beijing,Beijing,P.R.China RistoJuvonen SchoolofPharmacy,UniversityofEastern EugeneShilkrot TsNIIPromzdanii,Thermec,Russia Finland,Kuopio,Finland Ha˚konSkistad SINTEFEnergyResearch,Refrigeration, PenttiKalliokoski DepartmentofEnvironmentaland andAirConditioning,Trondheim,Norway BiologicalSciences,UniversityofEasternFinland,Kuopio, AndreyStrongin TsNIIPromzdanii,Thermec,Russia Finland MattiViluksela DepartmentofEnvironmentaland JonathanW.Kaufman NavalAirWarfareCenter, BiologicalSciences,UniversityofEasternFinland,Kuopio, Pensacola,FL,UnitedStates Finland;SchoolofPharmacy,UniversityofEastern RistoKosonen DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Aalto Finland,Kuopio,Finland University,Espoo,Finland;CollegeofUrbanConstruction, TerjeArneWenaas NorwegianUniversityofScienceand NanjingTechUniversity,Nanjing,P.R.China;Schoolof Technology,Trondheim,Norway Engineering,AaltoUniversity,Espoo,Finland PaulWhite StrulikLtd,Warlingham,UnitedKingdom UlfLandstro¨m NationalInstituteforWorkingLife,Umea˚, Sweden YangYang Xi’anUniversityofArchitectureand Technology,Xi’an,P.R.China AnguiLi SchoolofBuildingServicesScienceand Engineering,Xi’anUniversityofArchitectureand TengfeiZhang TianjinUniversity,Tianjin,P.R.China Technology,Xi’an,P.R.China FuyunZhao WuhanUniversity,Wuhan,P.R.China XiantingLi TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing,P.R.China AlexanderZhivov UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana- PengLiu SINTEFCommunity,Trondheim,Norway Champaign,Champaign,IL,UnitedStates JishuaiMa NorthwestElectricPowerDesignInstituteCo., BinZhou CollegeofUrbanConstruction,NanjingTech Ltd.ofChinaPowerEngineeringConsultingGroup, University,Nanjing,P.R.China Xi’an,P.R.China ix Contributors of previous edition(cid:1) MamdouhElHajAssad LaboratoryofApplied RaimoNiemela¨ FinnishInstituteofOccupationalHealth, Thermodynamics,HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology, Vantaa,Finland Espoo,Finland LarsOlander BuildingServicesEngineeringKTH,Royal LarryG.Berglund TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan InstituteofTechnology,Stockholm,Sweden BernhardBiegert UniversityofStuttgart,IKE-LHR, BjarneW.Olesen Wirsbo-VeltaGmbH,Norderstedt, Stuttgart,Germany Germany EricF.Curd ConsultingEngineer,UnitedKingdom;West VladimirPosokhin KazanState Kirby,Wirral,UnitedKingdom Architectural(cid:3)ConstructionAcademy,Kazan,Russia JanEmilsen JohnsonControlsNordenAS,Norway JormaRailio AssociationofFinnishManufacturersofAir MarioGrau-Rios InstitutoNacionaldeHigieney HandlingEquipment,AFMAHE,Helsinki,Finland SeguridadenelTrabajo,Madrid,Spain MikeRatcliff RowanWilliamsDavies&IrwinInc., JanGustavsson CamfilAb,Stockholm,Sweden Guelph,Canada KimHagstro¨m FacultyofMechanicalEngineering, EsaSandberg SatakuntaPolytechnic,Pori,Finland HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,Espoo,Finland KaiM.Savolainen DepartmentofIndustrialHygieneand TimoHautalampi FinnishInstituteofOccupationalHealth, Toxicology,FinnishInstituteofOccupationalHealth, Turku,Finland Helsinki,Finland;FinlandandDepartmentof EnvironmentalMedicine,NationalPublicHealthInstitute, JaapHogeling ISSO,Rotterdam,Netherlands Kuopio,Finland PenttiKalliokoski DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences, EugeneShilkrot TsNIIPromzdanii,Thermec,Moscow, UniversityofKuopio,Kuopio,Finland Russia JonathanW.Kaufman NavalAirWarfareCenter, Ha˚konSkistad SINTEFEnergyResearch,Refrigeration, Pensacola,FL,UnitedStates andAirConditioning,Trondheim,Norway HannuKoskela TurkuRegionalInstituteofOccupational AndreyStrongin TsNIIPromzdanii,Thermec,Moscow, Health,Turku,Finland Russia MarkkuLampinen LaboratoryofApplied EskoTa¨hti FinnishDevelopmentCentreforBuilding Thermodynamics,HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology, ServicesLTD,Helsinki,Finland Espoo,Finland PerOlafTjelflaat DepartmentofRefrigerationandAir UlfLandstro¨m NationalInstituteforWorkingLife,Umea˚, Conditioning,NTNU,NorweigenUniversityforScience Sweden andTechnology,Trondheim,Norway SanteMazzacane DepartmentofArchitecture,Universita RalfWiksten LaboratoryofAppliedThermodynamics, diFerrara,Ferrara,Italy HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,Espoo,Finland DomingoL.Moreno-Beltra´n EscuelaTecnicaSuperiorde AlexanderZhivov UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana- IngenierosIndustriales,UniversidadPolitecnicade Champaign,Champaign,IL,UnitedStates Madrid,Madrid,Spain ElisabethMundt KTH,RoyalInstituteofTechnology, Stockholm,Sweden (cid:1)Affiliationsaresubjecttodatafrom2001. xi
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