Industrial Revolution

20 Pages·2011·11.675 MB·English

by  Debra J. Housel

PRIMARY SOURCE READERS
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Industrial lu
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Revolution
The Industrial Revolution began in Great
Britain during the 1700s and spread to America
as the colonies formed and grew. Learn about
the roots of industry in Great Britain, early
factories in America, and how the banking
system began. Industrialism provided the
means for development and expansion in
America as life transitioned from a rural
environment to large cities, where innovation
and employment could be found.
H
o
u
s
e
l
Debra J. Housel
■
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The Industrial
Revolution
Debra J. Housel, M.S.Ed.
Table of Contents
The Birth of the Industrial Revolution ........................ 4–5
America Joins the Revolution ...................................... 6–7
Coal, Factories, and Cotton ......................................... 8–9
Publishing Credits
An Invention Convention .........................................10–11
Historical Consultant
Fernando A. Pérez, M.A.Ed. Take Me to the Bank! ...............................................12–13
Editors
Wendy Conklin, M.A. Wealthy Industrialists ...............................................14–15
Torrey Maloof
Editorial Director It Stinks in the Sweatshops .......................................16–17
Emily R. Smith, M.A.Ed.
Editor-in-Chief Taking Advantage of Immigrant Labor ...................18–19
Sharon Coan, M.S.Ed.
Creative Director The Laboring Child ..................................................20–21
Lee Aucoin
Illustration Manager Trust Busting ............................................................22–23
Timothy J. Bradley
Publisher Labor Unions Get Their Start ..................................24–25
Rachelle Cracchiolo, M.S.Ed.
Troubled Times for Unions .......................................26–27
Muckrakers Target Big Businesses ............................28–29
Glossary.........................................................................30
Index ..............................................................................31
Teacher Created Materials
Image Credits .................................................................32
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Reprinted 2011
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2 3
The Birth of the
Industrial Revolution
In the 1700s, a great revolution (rev-uh-LOO-shuhn) began in
Laissez-Faire
Great Britain. It was a revolution of industry. It marked the end
In 1776, a new book
of people living in rural societies and making the things they needed
recommended the idea of
by hand. People began creating machines to do the hard work.
laissez-faire (leh-sa-FAIR).
Factories were built and banks were opened. This time is known as This means that the
the Industrial (in-DUHZ-tree-uhl) Revolution, and it changed the The Industrial government should never
Revolution started in interfere in business. There
history of the world forever.
Great Britain. It did would be no laws to govern
Why did it start in Great Britain? Only this nation had all the
not take long for the industry. Businesses would
necessary factors. It had wealth and men who were willing to risk
changes to reach the not need to show concern
their money. It had a banking system to pair savers’ funds with United States. for its workers.
investors. It also had raw materials such as coal and iron.
Afraid of Machines
Until about 1850, mobs
of people attacked and
wrecked machines. They
Also, in Great Britain there were more feared machines would
someday take away their
people than were needed to work on the farms.
jobs. Before long, people
This offered a labor force for factories. And,
saw that they could not
inventors could patent (PAT-uhnt) what they
avoid technological
made. The chance to earn a lot of money led (tek-no-LOH-geh-cuhl)
many to try to create new inventions. change.
The British government had laws to support
its businesses. When the British traded with its
many colonies, it sought favorable terms for the
merchants. Great Britain also had well-kept
roads and canals. This made it easy to move
Great Britain was the first country to have cotton mills. and trade materials.
4 5
America Joins
the Revolution
There were dirt roads like
this one throughout the
The Industrial Revolution got a slow United States. That made
start in the New World. Some machines it hard to move heavy
machines and materials.
were in use by 1783. But it was not until
A Big Change after the Civil War that the real changes
The United States went from took place.
depending on foreign goods At first, American business owners
in 1840 to producing nearly
found it hard to raise capital. Capital is
everything it needed by 1890.
money that can be borrowed. Instead,
The value of goods created by
people wanted to invest in land because After the Civil War,
American industry was 10 times
big factories became a
greater in 1916 than in 1870! owning land was a sign of wealth.
familiar sight in America.
Steam engines were first introduced
No Riches for during the Industrial Revolution.
the South However, American manufacturers did
The bulk of the industrial growth not rush to use steam power. There
and wealth was in the North.
were plenty of streams and rivers, so
This sparked resentment in the
waterpower was favored. Also, the
South. After losing the Civil War,
United States was a new nation. It had
the South saw the changes as
another insult. few roads, and they were muddy and had
deep ruts. As a result, materials could
not be moved easily.
American industry’s growth was
linked to the increased use of steel.
Steel has more carbon than iron does.
It is stronger and more flexible. It can be
formed into almost anything. By 1860, it
was used for machines, ships, bridges,
and railroad tracks.
6 7
I Think I Can!
Coal, Factories, and Cotton
In 1869, the United States
completed the world’s first
transcontinental railroad system.
American industry grew the fastest in Pennsylvania. This area The textile (TEKS-tile), or cloth,
It joined the East Coast to the
had a ready supply of coal. Blast furnaces burn coal for fuel. They industry was changed by machines. Before,
West Coast. The distance of all
need fuel to turn iron ore into steel. These furnaces sprang up near people had spun thread, woven cloth, and rail lines in the United States
the coal mines. Steel allowed railroads to spread across the nation. made clothes by hand. They worked in grew to nearly 200,000 miles
(322,000 km) by 1900!
Railroads made it fast and easy to move items. Canals were dug so their homes. Once machines were invented,
that boats could move goods, too. these tasks moved into factories.
A Terrible Side Effect
Industrialists (in-DUHS-tree-uhl-istz) opened factories to make Since 1823, cotton had been Europe’s
The growth of cotton cloth
goods. Using machines, workers made products faster. The increased favorite cloth. Even running at full speed,
stimulated slavery. The
production made the nation’s economy (ih-KAWN-uh-mee) grow. the textile mills could not keep up with the
nation went from 700,000
Businesses could charge less for their products. Then, more people European demand.
slaves in 1790 to four
could buy them. Sales were booming. million in 1860. A majority
of the slaves worked on
cotton plantations.
Slaves pick cotton on a plantation in Mississippi.
A girl uses a weaving machine in a cotton mill.
8 9
An Invention Convention
King Car
Of all the innovations of
In the last part of the 1800s, people invented dozens of
the late 1800s, the car had
the biggest impact on life. things. Some of these include the telegraph, the sewing
For most of history, the machine, the typewriter, and the telephone. Also created at
majority of people had lived
this time were the electric light bulb, the camera, and the gas
and died within 25 miles of
engine. Never before had so many inventions been created
their birthplaces. Now,
in such a short period of time.
the car allowed people
to go farther away from The gas engine led to a practical car. Although he was
their homes. not the first to build a car, Henry Ford soon became the
car-industry leader. He made the Model T in 1908, and
Fast Assembly
more than 10,000 of them sold the first year.
In 1912, it took 12.5 worker
The demand for cars was high, and Ford’s company
hours to complete a Model T.
could not make them fast enough. So, Ford invented
The assembly line sped things
the assembly line. Men stood along a conveyor belt
up so much that just two
years later, it took only Henry Ford changed life in America. (kuhn-VAY-or belt). As each engine moved past, the
1.5 worker hours worker did one job. One man placed a bolt. Another
to make one car.
man put on the nut. A third man tightened it. The
assembly line changed factory work forever.
Two men work the
assembly line at a
Ford car plant.
These men are Western Union telegraph operators in New York City.
10 11
Take Me to the Bank!
Capital was very important to the rise of industry.
Banks brought savers and industrialists together. People
took their cash to banks. The banks gave them an interest
rate of about one percent. This means people earned Bankers Produce
money by leaving their money in the banks. Then the Bankers played a major role in
banks lent out the money. developing large industries.
By 1895, the United States
Bank loans were given to people who needed money to
was the largest, richest
start or enlarge businesses. Over time, the people had to
industrialized nation on
pay back the banks. The borrowers paid back the original
Earth. It produced the
amount plus three percent interest. Three percent is more majority of the world’s steel,
than the one percent interest paid by banks. So, the banks oil, wheat, and cotton.
made money because they got more money back than they
The Risk of Banking
paid in interest.
Bankers take a risk when
Another way to get capital was by issuing stocks.
they lend money. They
Stocks are part ownership in a company. A person gave
will lose money if they
the business owner cash. In return, he got a stock
lend funds to a business
certificate. It stated that he owned a small part of the that fails or to a person
business. That who cannot pay it back.
meant that he
would get a little
bit of the profits.
The more stock he
held, the greater
his ownership in
the business.
Certificate of capital
The financial district of
stock from 1876
New York City in 1910
12 13
Wealthy Industrialists
Carnegie educated An industrialist risks money on a business venture (VEN-chur)
J. P. Morgan,
himself by visiting that he thinks will earn money. At the turn of the century, the risk
Financier a local library.
paid off for quite a few men. They grew rich. Three of the best
J. P. Morgan was a financier To help educate
known are Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEH-gee), John D. Rockefeller,
(fih-nan-SUHR), or banker. others, he spent
and Henry Ford.
He got rich lending money 55 million dollars
to industrialists. He had a to build over Carnegie was a Scottish immigrant. At age 17, he started working
knack for knowing which 2,500 libraries for a railroad. There, he saw the importance of steel. He bought a
businesses would grow. He worldwide.
steel mill and built it into the largest, most profitable one in America.
made sure he lent money
Oil has to be pulled up from the earth and refined. Then, it can
to them.
be used to run machines and cars. Rockefeller made more than
one billion dollars in the oil industry. He did this by buying out his
Thomas Edison,
competition. By 1879, he owned 90 percent of the U.S. oil industry.
Inventor
The fact that he owned so much made people upset.
Thomas Edison created the
most inventions in American Ford made the first car that the average worker could buy. He
history. He held 1,093 U.S. became a multimillionaire. The Ford Motor Company is still in
patents! Not only was he an
business today.
inventor, but he was also a
businessman. He started the
John D. Rockefeller
company General Electric (GE).
was the first
American billionaire.
Thomas Edison with
the phonograph,
Workers lay out plates
one of his more
of steel in a steel mill.
popular inventions
14 15