Table Of Content

IETENERGY ENGINEERING SERIES 96 Industrial Power Systems with Distributed and Embedded Generation Othervolumesinthisseries: Volume1 PowerCircuitBreakerTheoryandDesignC.H.Flurscheim(Editor) Volume4 IndustrialMicrowaveHeatingA.C.MetaxasandR.J.Meredith Volume7 InsulatorsforHighVoltagesJ.S.T.Looms Volume8 VariableFrequencyACMotorDriveSystemsD.Finney Volume10 SF6SwitchgearH.M.RyanandG.R.Jones Volume11 ConductionandInductionHeatingE.J.Davies Volume13 StatisticalTechniquesforHighVoltageEngineeringW.HauschildandW.Mosch Volume14 UninterruptiblePowerSuppliesJ.PlattsandJ.D.StAubyn(Editors) Volume15 DigitalProtectionforPowerSystemsA.T.JohnsandS.K.Salman Volume16 ElectricityEconomicsandPlanningT.W.Berrie Volume18 VacuumSwitchgearA.Greenwood Volume19 ElectricalSafety:AguidetocausesandpreventionofhazardsJ.MaxwellAdams Volume21 ElectricityDistributionNetworkDesign,2ndEditionE.LakerviandE.J.Holmes Volume22 ArtificialIntelligenceTechniquesinPowerSystemsK.Warwick,A.O.EkwueandR. Aggarwal(Editors) Volume24 PowerSystemCommissioningandMaintenancePracticeK.Harker Volume25 Engineers’HandbookofIndustrialMicrowaveHeatingR.J.Meredith Volume26 SmallElectricMotorsH.Moczalaetal. Volume27 AC–DCPowerSystemAnalysisJ.ArrillagaandB.C.Smith Volume29 HighVoltageDirectCurrentTransmission,2ndEditionJ.Arrillaga Volume30 FlexibleACTransmissionSystems(FACTS)Y.-H.Song(Editor) Volume31 EmbeddedGenerationN.Jenkinsetal. Volume32 HighVoltageEngineeringandTesting,2ndEditionH.M.Ryan(Editor) Volume33 OvervoltageProtectionofLow-VoltageSystems,RevisedEditionP.Hasse Volume36 VoltageQualityinElectricalPowerSystemsJ.Schlabbachetal. Volume37 ElectricalSteelsforRotatingMachinesP.Beckley Volume38 TheElectricCar:Developmentandfutureofbattery,hybridandfuel-cellcars M.Westbrook Volume39 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulationJ.ArrillagaandN.Watson Volume40 AdvancesinHighVoltageEngineeringM.HaddadandD.Warne Volume41 ElectricalOperationofElectrostaticPrecipitatorsK.Parker Volume43 ThermalPowerPlantSimulationandControlD.Flynn Volume44 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustryH.Khatib Volume45 PropulsionSystemsforHybridVehiclesJ.Miller Volume46 DistributionSwitchgearS.Stewart Volume47 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,2ndEditionJ.GersandE.Holmes Volume48 WoodPoleOverheadLinesB.Wareing Volume49 ElectricFuses,3rdEditionA.WrightandG.Newbery Volume50 WindPowerIntegration:ConnectionandsystemoperationalaspectsB.Foxetal. Volume51 ShortCircuitCurrentsJ.Schlabbach Volume52 NuclearPowerJ.Wood Volume53 ConditionAssessmentofHighVoltageInsulationinPowerSystemEquipment R.E.JamesandQ.Su Volume55 LocalEnergy:DistributedgenerationofheatandpowerJ.Wood Volume56 ConditionMonitoringofRotatingElectricalMachinesP.Tavner,L.Ran,J.Penmanand H.Sedding Volume57 TheControlTechniquesDrivesandControlsHandbook,2ndEditionB.Drury Volume58 LightningProtectionV.Cooray(Editor) Volume59 UltracapacitorApplicationsJ.M.Miller Volume62 LightningElectromagneticsV.Cooray Volume63 EnergyStorageforPowerSystems,2ndEditionA.Ter-Gazarian Volume65 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,3rdEditionJ.Gers Volume66 HighVoltageEngineeringTesting,3rdEditionH.Ryan(Editor) Volume67 MulticoreSimulationofPowerSystemTransientsF.M.Uriate Volume68 DistributionSystemAnalysisandAutomationJ.Gers Volume69 TheLighteningFlash,2ndEditionV.Cooray(Editor) Volume70 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustry,3rdEdition H.Khatib Volume72 ControlCircuitsinPowerElectronics:Practicalissuesindesignandimplementation M.Castilla(Editor) Volume73 WideAreaMonitoring,ProtectionandControlSystems:TheenablerforSmarterGrids A.VaccaroandA.Zobaa(Editors) Volume74 PowerElectronicConvertersandSystems:FrontiersandapplicationsA.M. Trzynadlowski(Editor) Volume75 PowerDistributionAutomationB.Das(Editor) Volume76 PowerSystemStability:Modelling,analysisandcontrolB.OmP.Malik Volume78 NumericalAnalysisofPowerSystemTransientsandDynamicsA.Ametani(Editor) Volume79 Vehicle-to-Grid:LinkingelectricvehiclestothesmartgridJ.LuandJ.Hossain(Editors) Volume81 Cyber-Physical-SocialSystemsandConstructsinElectricPowerEngineeringS. Suryanarayanan,R.RocheandT.M.Hansen(Editors) Volume82 PeriodicControlofPowerElectronicConvertersF.Blaabjerg,K.Zhou,D.Wangand Y.Yang Volume86 AdvancesinPowerSystemModelling,ControlandStabilityAnalysisF.Milano(Editor) Volume87 Cogeneration:Technologies,optimisationandimplementationC.A.Frangopoulos (Editor) Volume88 SmarterEnergy:FromsmartmeteringtothesmartgridH.Sun,N.Hatziargyriou, H.V.Poor,L.CarpaniniandM.A.Sa´nchezFornie´ (Editors) Volume89 HydrogenProduction,SeparationandPurificationforEnergyA.Basile,F.Dalena, J.TongandT.N.Vezirog˘lu(Editors) Volume90 CleanEnergyMicrogridsS.ObaraandJ.Morel(Editors) Volume91 FuzzyLogicControlinEnergySystemswithDesignApplicationsinMATLAB‡/ Simulink‡d˙I.H.Altas¸ Volume92 PowerQualityinFutureElectricalPowerSystemsA.F.ZobaaandS.H.E.A.Aleem(Editors) Volume93 CogenerationandDistrictEnergySystems:Modelling,analysisandoptimizationM.A. RosenandS.Koohi-Fayegh Volume94 IntroductiontotheSmartGrid:Concepts,technologiesandevolutionS.K.Salman Volume95 Communication,ControlandSecurityChallengesfortheSmartGridS.M.Muyeenand S.Rahman(Editors) Volume97 SynchronizedPhasorMeasurementsforSmartGridsM.J.B.ReddyandD.K.Mohanta (Editors) Volume98 LargeScaleGridIntegrationofRenewableEnergySourcesA.Moreno-Munoz(Editor) Volume100 ModelingandDynamicBehaviourofHydropowerPlantsN.KishorandJ.Fraile-Ardanuy (Editors) Volume101 MethaneandHydrogenforEnergyStorageR.CarriveauandD.S.-K.Ting Volume104 PowerTransformerConditionMonitoringandDiagnosisA.Abu-Siada(Editor) Volume106 SurfacePassivationofIndustrialCrystallineSiliconSolarCellsJ.John(Editor) Volume107 BifacialPhotovoltaics:Technology,applicationsandeconomicsJ.LibalandR.Kopecek (Editors) Volume108 FaultDiagnosisofInductionMotorsJ.Faiz,V.GhorbanianandG.Joksimovic´ Volume110 HighVoltagePowerNetworkConstructionK.Harker Volume111 EnergyStorageatDifferentVoltageLevels:Technology,integration,andmarket aspectsA.F.Zobaa,P.F.Ribeiro,S.H.A.AleemandS.N.Afifi(Editors) Volume112 WirelessPowerTransfer:Theory,technologyandapplicationN.Shinohara Volume115 DCDistributionSystemsandMicrogridsT.Dragicˇevic´,F.BlaabjergandP.Wheeler Volume117 StructuralControlandFaultDetectionofWindTurbineSystemsH.R.Karimi Volume119 ThermalPowerPlantControlandInstrumentation:ThecontrolofboilersandHRSGs, 2ndEditionD.Lindsley,J.GristandD.Parker Volume120 FaultDiagnosisforRobustInverterPowerDrivesA.Ginart(Editor) Volume123 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulation,2ndEditionN.WatsonandJ. Arrillaga Volume124 PowerMarketTransformationB.Murray Volume126 DiagnosisandFaultToleranceofElectricalMachines,PowerElectronicsandDrivesA. J.M.Cardoso Volume128 CharacterizationofWideBandgapPowerSemiconductorDevicesF.Wang,Z.Zhangand E.A.Jones Volume130 WindandSolarBasedEnergySystemsforCommunitiesR.CarriveauandD.S.-K.Ting (Editors) Volume131 MetaheuristicOptimizationinPowerEngineeringJ.Radosavljevic´ Volume132 PowerLineCommunicationSystemsforSmartGridsI.R.S.CasellaandA.Anpalagan Volume905 PowerSystemProtection,4volumes This page intentionally left blank Industrial Power Systems with Distributed and Embedded Generation Radian Belu The Institution of Engineering andTechnology PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland& Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698). †TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2019 Firstpublished2018 ThispublicationiscopyrightundertheBerneConventionandtheUniversalCopyright Convention.Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearch orprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,Designsand PatentsAct1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced,stored,ortransmitted,inany formorbyanymeans,onlywiththepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orin thecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissued bytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethose termsshouldbesenttothepublisherattheundermentionedaddress: TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology MichaelFaradayHouse SixHillsWay,Stevenage Herts,SG12AY,UnitedKingdom www.theiet.org Whiletheauthorandpublisherbelievethattheinformationandguidancegiveninthis workarecorrect,allpartiesmustrelyupontheirownskillandjudgementwhenmaking useofthem.Neithertheauthornorpublisherassumesanyliabilitytoanyoneforany lossordamagecausedbyanyerrororomissioninthework,whethersuchanerroror omissionistheresultofnegligenceoranyothercause.Anyandallsuchliabilityis disclaimed. Themoralrightsoftheauthortobeidentifiedasauthorofthisworkhavebeen assertedbyhiminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisproductisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-78561-152-0(hardback) ISBN978-1-78561-153-7(PDF) TypesetinIndiabyMPSLimited PrintedintheUKbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon To my wife Paulina Belu, my best friend and partner in life, for her patience and support, and to the memory of my parents Grigore and Gheorghita Belu. This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface xvii 1 Introduction, review of electric circuits 1 Objectives and abstract 1 1.1 Introduction, power system structure, brief history of power system 1 1.2 Electric circuit review 3 1.2.1 Linearity and superposition 6 1.2.2 DCvs ACpower systems 7 1.2.3 Resistive, inductive, and capacitive circuit elements 10 1.2.4 Effective or RMSvalue 12 1.3 Phasorrepresentation 13 1.4 Powerin single-phase ACcircuits 17 1.5 Powerfactor correction—brief introduction 22 1.6 Electrical energy 23 1.7 Measurement unitsused in energy systems 25 1.8 Chapter summary 26 Further readings 27 Questions and problems 28 2 Power system basics 33 Objectives and abstract 33 2.1 Introduction, power system basics 33 2.2 Sources of energy 38 2.3 Powersystem structure and components 40 2.4 Three-phase systems 41 2.4.1 Balanced loads 46 2.4.2 Mixed connection circuits,wye–delta connection 48 2.5 Powerrelationshipsin three-phase circuits 49 2.6 Per-unit system 52 2.7 Voltage and frequency characteristics 56 2.8 Chapter summary 59 Further readings 60 Questions and problems 61