Industrial Power Systems: Evolutionary Aspects

233 Pages·2022·8.44 MB·English

by  Amitava Sil, Saikat Maity

Industrial Power Systems
Computational Intelligence in Engineering
Problem Solving
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Industrial Power Systems: Evolutionary Aspects
Amitava Sil and Saikat Maity
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Intelligence-in-Engineering-Problem-Solving/book-series/CIEPS
Industrial Power Systems
Evolutionary Aspects
Amitava Sil
Saikat Maity
First edition published 2022
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ISBN: 9781032138770 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781032138794 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003231240 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003231240
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Dedicated to all well-wishers and family members
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Dr. Saikat Maity

Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................................xiii
Authors .............................................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................1
1.1 Evolution of Electrical Power System ...............................................................1
1.2 Thermal Power Plant .........................................................................................2
1.3 Hydropower Plant ..............................................................................................5
1.4 Nuclear Power Plant ..........................................................................................7
1.5 Gas Turbine .......................................................................................................8
1.6 Wind Energy ......................................................................................................8
1.7 Solar Energy ....................................................................................................10
1.8 Distributed Power Generation .........................................................................12
1.9 Energy Storage ................................................................................................12
1.10 Tariff ................................................................................................................13
1.11 Learning Outcome ...........................................................................................17
Chapter 2 Transmission and Distribution Systems .....................................................................19
2.1 Line Diagram...................................................................................................19
2.1.1 Single-Line Diagram ..........................................................................19
2.1.2 Impedance Diagram ...........................................................................19
2.1.3 Reactance Diagram ............................................................................20
2.2 Per Unit Representation ...................................................................................20
2.3 Calculation of Fault Level ...............................................................................21
2.4 Choice of Voltage ............................................................................................21
2.5 Choice of Frequency ........................................................................................22
2.6 Choice of Conductor ........................................................................................22
2.7 Transmission and Distribution Topologies ......................................................24
2.8 Electrical Grid .................................................................................................25
2.9 Learning Outcome ...........................................................................................26
Chapter 3 Overhead Transmission Line Constants .....................................................................29
3.1 Line Resistance ................................................................................................29
3.2 Line Inductance ...............................................................................................29
3.2.1 Internal Inductance.............................................................................30
3.2.2 External Inductance ...........................................................................30
3.2.3 Inductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line ....................................31
3.2.4 Inductance of One Conductor in a Group ..........................................31
3.2.5 Inductance of a Composite Conductor ...............................................32
3.2.6 Inductance of a Three-Phase Line with Asymmetrical Spacing .......33
3.2.7 Inductance of a Three-Phase Transposed Line ..................................34
3.2.8 Inductance of Bundled Conductors ....................................................34
3.2.9 Inductance of Double Circuit Three-Phase Line ...............................35
vii
viii Contents
3.3 Shunt Parameter of Transmission Lines ..........................................................35
3.3.1 Capacitance of a Straight Conductor ..................................................36
3.3.2 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Asymmetrical Spacing .....36
3.3.3 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Double Circuit Line with
Asymmetrical Spacing .......................................................................37
3.3.4 Capacitance of a Single-Phase Line Taking Earth
into Consideration ..............................................................................38
3.3.5 Effect of Earth on the Calculation of Capacitance.............................40
3.3.6 Skin Effect and Proximity Effect .......................................................40
3.4 Learning Outcome ...........................................................................................40
Chapter 4 Corona and Sag ..........................................................................................................41
4.1 Corona .............................................................................................................41
4.2 Sag ...................................................................................................................42
4.2.1 Sag When the Supports Are at Equal Levels and Span Is Small .......42
4.2.2 Sag When the Supports Are at Unequal Levels and Span Is Small ...43
4.2.3 Sag When the Supports Are at Unequal Levels and Span Is Large ...43
4.2.4 Effect of Ice Coating ..........................................................................45
4.2.5 Effect of Wind ....................................................................................45
4.2.6 Effect of Sag in Transmission Line ....................................................46
4.2.7 Stringing Chart ...................................................................................46
4.2.8 Sag Template ......................................................................................47
4.2.9 Vibrations of Conductor .....................................................................47
4.3 Learning Outcome ...........................................................................................48
Chapter 5 Cable ...........................................................................................................................49
5.1 Insulation Resistance of Cable ........................................................................50
5.2 Capacitance of a Single-Core Cable ................................................................51
5.3 Dielectric Stress of a Single Core Cable..........................................................51
5.4 Most Economical Conductor Size in a Cable ..................................................51
5.5 Grading of Cables ............................................................................................51
5.6 Power Factor of a Single-Core Cable ..............................................................53
5.7 Capacitance of a Three Core Cable .................................................................54
5.8 Learning Outcome ...........................................................................................55
Chapter 6 Characteristics and Performance of Transmission Line ............................................57
6.1 Transmission Lines ..........................................................................................57
6.2 General Relations for the Analysis of a Transmission Line ............................57
6.2.1 Short Transmission Line Approximation ...........................................57
6.2.2 Medium Transmission Line Approximation ......................................58
6.2.3 Long Transmission Line .....................................................................59
6.3 Power Flow through a Transmission Line .......................................................61
6.4 Travelling Wave Equation of a Transmission Line .........................................62
6.5 Characterization of a Long Lossless Line .......................................................62
6.6 Voltage and Current Characteristics of an Single Machine Infinite
Bus System ......................................................................................................63
6.7 Kelvin’s Law ....................................................................................................63
6.8 Learning Outcome ...........................................................................................64
Contents ix
Chapter 7 Insulators for Overhead Lines ....................................................................................65
7.1 Basics of Insulators for Overhead Lines ..........................................................65
7.2 Materials of Insulator ......................................................................................65
7.3 Types of Insulators ..........................................................................................66
7.4 Voltage Distribution on Insulator String .........................................................68
7.5 String Efficiency ..............................................................................................69
7.5.1 Methods of Improving String Efficiency ...........................................69
7.6 Learning Outcome ...........................................................................................71
Chapter 8 Overvoltages and Insulation Requirements................................................................73
8.1 Types of System Transients and Some Basic Features ....................................73
8.2 Transients on a Transmission Line ..................................................................73
8.3 Switching Surge ...............................................................................................76
8.4 Lightning Surge ...............................................................................................77
8.5 Lightning Arresters .........................................................................................77
8.6 Insulation Coordination in Power System .......................................................79
8.7 Bewley Lattice Diagram ..................................................................................80
8.8 Learning Outcome ...........................................................................................81
Chapter 9 Electrical Fault Analysis ............................................................................................83
9.1 Fault .................................................................................................................83
9.2 Symmetrical Components ...............................................................................83
9.3 Sequence Impedance and Sequence Networks of Power System ...................85
9.3.1 Sequence Impedance and Sequence Networks of Synchronous
Machine ..............................................................................................85
9.3.2 Sequence Impedance and Sequence Networks of Transformer .........87
9.3.3 Sequence Circuits for Symmetrical Transmission Line .....................89
9.4 Unsymmetrical Faults......................................................................................90
9.4.1 Line to Ground Fault ..........................................................................90
9.4.2 Line to Line Fault ...............................................................................91
9.4.3 Double Line to Ground Fault .............................................................92
9.5 Earthing ...........................................................................................................93
9.5.1 Types of Earthing ...............................................................................93
9.6 Reactors ...........................................................................................................94
9.7 Learning Outcome ...........................................................................................96
Chapter 10 Load Flow Analysis....................................................................................................97
10.1 Load Flow ........................................................................................................97
10.2 Classification of Buses .....................................................................................97
10.3 Bus Admittance Matrix ...................................................................................98
10.4 Real and Reactive Power Injected in a Bus .....................................................98
10.5 Load Flow by Gauss-Seidel Method ...............................................................99
10.6 Load Flow by Newton-Raphson Method ......................................................100
10.7 Fast Decoupled Load Flow ............................................................................101
10.8 DC Load Flow ...............................................................................................102
10.9 Learning Outcome .........................................................................................104