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Industrial Power Engineering and Applications Handbook PDF

998 Pages·2003·36.81 MB·English
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Inaustrial Power Engineering and Applications Handbook I K.C. AgraW al QiB Newnes NEWNEPSO WERE NGINEERINSEGR IES Industrial Power Engineering and Applications Handbook NEWNEPSO WERE NGINEERISNEGR IES Series editors Professor TJE Miller, University of Glasgow, UK Associate Professor Duane Hanselman, University of Maine, USA Professor Thomas M Jahns, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Professor Jim McDonald, University of Strathclyde, UK Newnes Power Engineering Series is a new series of advanced reference texts covering the core areas of modern electrical power engineering, encompassing transmission and distribution, machines and drives, power electronics, and related areas of electricity generation, distribution and utilization. The series is designed for a wide audience of enginccrs, academics, and postgraduate students, and its focus is international, which is reflected in the editorial team. The titles in the series offer concise but rigorous coverage of essential topics within power engineering, with a special focus on areas undergoing rapid development. The series complements the long-established range of Newnes titles in power engineering, which includes the Electrical Engineer’s Reference Book, first published by Newnes in 1945, and the classic J&P Transformer Book, as well as a wide selection of recent titles for professionals, students and engineers at all levels. Further information on the Newnes Power Engineering Series in available from [email protected] and www.newnespress.com Please send book proposals to Matthew Deans, Newnes Publisher matthew.deans @repp.co.uk Other titles in the Newnes Power Engineering Series Acha, Agelidis, Anaya & Miller Electronic Control in Electrical System 0 7506 5 126 1 Miller (ed.) Electronic Control of Switched Relunctance Machines 0 7506 5073 7 NEWNEPSO WEREN GINEERISNEGR IES Industrial Power Engineering and Applications Handbook K.C. Agrawal Newnes BOSTON OXFORD AUCKLAND JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI I 1 TO my parents Copyright 0 200 1 by Butterworth-Heinemann member of the Reed Elsevier All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Butterworth-Heinemann prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. GA.l.ll...L,.,.l. 88N, Butterworth-Heinemann supports the efforts of American Forests and the Global ReLeaf program in its campaign for the betterment of trees, forests, and our environment. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Agrawal, K.C. Industrial power engineering and applications handbooWK.C. Agrawal. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 7506 7351 6 1 Factories - Power supply - Handbooks, manuals, etc. I Title. TK 4035 F3. A37 2001 658.2'6-dc21 2001016211 British Library Cataloging in Publication Data Agrawal, K.C. Industrial power engineering and applications handbook 1 Electrical power transmission - Handbooks, manuals, etc I Title 621.3'1 The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book For information, please contact: Manager of Special Sales Butterworth-Heinemann 225 Wildwood Avenue Woburn, MA 01801-2041 Tel: 781-904-2500 Fax: 781-904-2620 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications available, contact our World Wide Web home page at: http://www.bh.com 10987654321 Typeset in Replika Press Pvt Ltd., Delhi 110 040, India Printed and bound in Great Britain POR EVERY TITLE THAT WE PUBLISH, BUWERWORTH~HEINEMANN WILL PAY FOR HTCV TO PLANT AND CARE FOR A TREE. Contents Prejkice ix 6 Static Controls and Braking of Motors Ackiiowledgernents x.i.. Speed control in squirrel cage motors . Speed control Technical support Xlll through solid-state technology . Vuc ontrol (speed Introduction xv control at constant torque) . Phasor (vector) control . Use of phasor control for flux braking . Control and feedback devices . Application of solid-state Part I Selection, Testing, Controls technology Conduction and commutation . Circuit ' configurations of semiconductor devices . Smoothing and Protection of Electric Motors ripples in the d.c. link Providing a constant d.c. ' voltage source Providing a constant current source . 1 Theory, Performance and Constructional Generation of h4 armonics and switching surges in a Features of Induction Motors static device switching circuit . Protection of lntroduction . Brief theory of the operation of a semiconductor devices and motors . Energy polyphase motor. Motor output and torque . Motor conservation through solid-state technology . ratings and frame sizes . Preferred ratings at different Application of static drives . Speed variation through voltages . Influence of service conditions on motor variable-speed fluid couplings . Static drive versus fluid performance . No-load performance . Effect of steel of coupling . D.C. drives Braking . Induction generators laminations on core losses . Circle diagram . Types of Inching or jogging . Number of starts and stops ' induction motors . Mounting of motors Enclosures Weatherproof motors (WP) . Degree of protection . * 7 Special-Purpose Motors Cooling systems in large motors . Single phase Textile motors . Crane motors . Determining the size of motor . Sugar centrifuge motors Motors for deep- motors Theory of operation well pumps . Motors for agricultural application . 2 Motor Torque, Load Torque and Selection Surface-cooled motors Torque motors or actuator of Motors motors . Vibration and n8 oise level . Service factors . Motor speed-torque curve . NEMA rotor designs . Motors for hazardous locations . Specification of Special designs of rotors . Effect of starting current on motors for Zone 0 locations . Specification of motors torque . Load torque or opposing torque Selection of for Zone 1 locations . Motors for Zone 2 locations . motors . Time of start-up and its effect on1 motor Motors for mines, collieries and quarries . Intrinsically performance . Thermal withstand time safe circuits, type Ex. 'i' . Testing and certifying authorities . Additional requirements for ciritical 3 Duties of Induction Motors installations Motors for thermal power station Duty cycles Continuous duty (CMR) (SI) Periodic auxiliaries . Selection of a special-purpose motor duties . Factor of inertia (FI) Heating and cooling characteristic curves Drawing the thermal curves . 8 Transmission of Load and Suitability of Rating of short motor's . Equivalent output of short Bearings time duties . Shock loading and use of a flywheel Direct or rigid couplings . Flexible couplings . Delayed-action couplings . Construction and principle 4 Starting of Squirrel Cage Induction Motors of operation . Belt drives . Checking the suitability of Direct on-line starting (DOL) . Reduced voltage starting bearings . Suitability of rotors for pulley drives 5 Starting and Control of Slip-ring Induction 9 Winding Insulation and its Maintenance Motors Insulating materials and their properties . Ageing of Important features of a slip-ring motor . Starting of slip- insulation . Practices of insulation systems . Procedure ring motors . Hypothetical procedure to calculate the for vacuum pressure impregnation . Maintenance of rotors resistance. Speed control of slip-ring motors insulation . Monitoring the quality of insulation of HT ' Moving electrode electrolyte starters and controllers formed coils during manufacturing VI Contents 10 Installation and Maintenance of Electric 16 Captive (Emergency) Power Generation Motors Introduction . DG set . Operating parameters . Theory Installation of bearings and pulleys . Important checks of operation . Guidelines on the selection of a DG set at the time of commissioning Maintenance of electric . Types of loads . Starting of a DG set . Protection of motors and their checks . Maintenance of bearings . a DG set . Parallel operation . Procedure of parallel General problems in electric motors and their remedy . operation . Recommended protection for a Winding temperature measurement at site . Analysis of synchronizing scheme . Load sharing by two or more insulation failures of an HT motor at a thermal power generators . Total automation through PLCs station 11 Philosophy of Quality Systems and Testing Part 111 Voltage Surges, of Electrical Machines Overvoltages and Grounding Philosophy of quality systems . Testing of electrical machines . Procedure for testing . Load test . No-load Practices test . Tolerances in test results Certification of motors used in hazardous locations 17 Voltage Surges - Causes, Effects and Remedies 12 Protection of Electric Motors Introduction . Temporary overvoltages . Voltage surge Purpose . Unfavourable operating conditions . Fault or a transient . Transient stability of overhead lines . conditions . Protection . Single-device motor Causes of voltage surges . Definitions . Causes of protection relays . Summary of total motor protection . steep rising surges . Effect of steep-fronted TRVS on Motor protection by thermistors . Monitoring of a the terminal equipment (motor as the basis) motor’s actual operating conditions . Switchgears for . Determining the severity of a transient . Protection of motor protection . Selection of main components . rotating machines from switching surges . Theory of Fuse-free system surge protection (insulation coordination) 18 Surge Arresters: Application and Part II Switchgear Assemblies and Selection Captive Power Generation Surge arresters . Electrical characteristics of a ZnO surge arrester . Basic insulation level (BIL) . Protective margins . Protective level of a surge arrester 13 Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies . Selection of gapless surge arrester . Classification of Application . Types of assemblies . Conventional arresters . Surge protection of motors . Pressure relief designs of switchgear assemblies (also referred to as facility . Assessing the condition of an arrester switchboards) . Design parameters and service conditions for a switchgear assembly . Deciding the 19 Circuit Interrupters ratings of current-carrying equipment, devices and Circuit interrupters . Theory of circuit interruption components . Designing a bus system . Designing a with different switching mediums (theory of switchgear assembly . HT switchgear assemblies . deionization) . Theory of arc plasma . Circuit breaking General guidelines during installation and maintenance under unfavourable operating conditions . Circuit of a switchgear or a controlgear assembly . Power interruption in different mediums . Current chopping . circuits and control scheme diagrams . Painting . Virtual current chopping . Containing the severity of Procedure of switchgear and control gear assemblies switching surges . Comparison of interrupting devices and treatment of effluent 20 Temporary Overvoltages and System 14 Testing of a Metal-enclosed Switchgear Grounding Assemblies Theory of overvoltages . Analysis of ungrounded and Philosophy of quality systems . Recommended tests . grounded systems . The necessity of grounding an Procedure for type tests . Procedure for routine electrical system . Analysis of a grounded system . tests . Procedure for field tests An introduction to Arc suppression coil or ground fault neutralizer . earthquake engineering and testing methods Ground fault factor (GFF) . Magnitude of temporary overvoltages . Insulation coordination . Application of 15 Instrument and Control Transformers: different types of grounding methods (for HT, HV and Application and Selection EHV systems) . Important parameters for selecting a Introduction . Types of Transformers . Common ground fault protection scheme features of a voltage and a current transformer . General specifications and design considerations for 21 Grounding Theory and Ground Fault voltage transformers Precautions to be observed Protection Schemes while installing a voltage transformer . Current Protection of a domestic or an industrial single phase transformers . Short-time rating and effect of system . Ground fault on an LT system . Ground fault momentary peak or dynamic currents . Summary of protection in hazardous areas. . Ground leakage in an Specifications of a CT Precautions to be observed HT system . Core-balanced current transformers when connecting a CT . Test Requirements (CBCTs). Ground fault (GF) protection schemes Contents vii 22 Grounding Practices and selection of components for capacitor duty Fast Grounding electrodes Resistivity of soil (p) . discharge devices Measuring the ground resistance Metal for the 26 Protection, Maintenance and Testing of grounding conductor Jointing of grounding Capacitor Units conductors . Maintenance of grounding stations Protection and safety requirements . Installation and Grounding practices in a power generating station maintenance of capacitor units Test requirements Tolerahle potential difference at a location . Voltage gradients . Determining the leakage current through a 27 Power Reactors body . Measuring the average resistivity of soil . Introduction Selection of power reactors . Magnetic Improving the performance of soil . Determining the charecteristics . Design criterion and I . q5 ground fault current . Designing a grounding grid characteristics of different types of reactor . Application Part V Bus Systems Part IV Power Capacitors 28 Carrying Power through Metal-enclosed 23 Power Capacitors: Behaviour, Switching Bus Systems Phenomena and Improvement of Power Introduction . Types of metal-enclosed bus systems . Factor Design parameters and service conditions for a metal Introduction . Application of power capacitors Effect enclosed bus system Short-circuit effects . Service of low PF . Other benefits of an improved power conditions Other design considerations ‘Skin effect . factor . Behaviour of a power capacitor in operation . Proximity effect . Sample calculation for designing a Generation of triple harmonics in an inductive circuit. 2500 A non-isolated phase aluminium busbar system Generation of harmonics by a power electronic circuit. Resonance . Effective magnitude of harmonic voltages 29 Recommended Practices for Mounting ;~ndc urrents When harmonics will appear in a Buses and Making Bus Joints \ystem Filter circuits : suppressing harmonics in a Precautions in mounting insulators and conductors . power network . Excessive charging currents Making a joint Bending of busbars (switching inrush or making currents) Limiting the inrii\h currents . Capacitor panel design parameters . 30 Properties and Ratings of Current-Carrying Capacitor rating for an induction motor. Location of Conductors capacitors Automatic PF correction of a system . Properties and current ratings for aluminium and Switching sequences . PF correction relays copper conductors . Current-carrying capacity of’ copper and aluminium conductors 24 System Voltage Regulation Capacitors for improvement of system regulation 31 An Isolated Phase Bus System Series capacitors Rating of series capacitors An isolated phase bus (IPB) system Constructional Advantages of series compensation . Analysis of a features . Special features of an IPB system . system for series compensation . Reactive power Enclosure heating . Natural cooling of enclosures management Influence of line length (ferranti effect) Continuous rating . Forced cooling . Influence of a To optimize the power transfer through reactive space field on the metallic structures . Fault level . control . Transient stability level Switching of large Voltage drop . Forming of sections for IPB systems reactive banks Determining the section and size of conductor and enclosure Sample calculations 25 Making Capacitor Units and Ratings of Switching Devices 32 Testing a Metal-enclosed Bus System Making a capacitor element . A critical review of Philosophy of quality systems . Recommended tests internally protected capacitor units . Self-healing Procedure for type tests Routine tests . Field tests capacitors . Making a capacitor unit from elements . Making capacitor banks from capacitor units Rating Iiidex 959

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