Industrial Hygiene : Improving Worker Health through an Operational Risk Approach

198 Pages·2018·9.479 MB·English

by  Alston, Frances, Millikin, Emily J., Piispanen, Willie

Industrial Hygiene
Improving Worker Health through
an Operational Risk Approach
Sustainable Improvements in
Environment Safety and Health
Series Editor
Frances Alston
Lean Implementation: Applications and Hidden Costs, Frances Alston [2017]
Safety Culture and High-Risk Environments: A Leadership Perspective,
Cindy L. Caldwell [2017]
The Legal Aspects of Industrial Hygiene and Safety, Kurt W. Dreger [2018]
Industrial Hygiene: Improving Worker Health through an Operational Risk
Approach, Frances Alston, Emily J. Millikin, and Willie Piispanen [2018]
Industrial Hygiene
Improving Worker Health through
an Operational Risk Approach
Frances Alston
Emily J. Millikin
Willie Piispanen
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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In Memoriam
William H. Piispanen
One of several industrial hygienists who responded and
provided support to the recovery efforts at Ground Zero
at the World Trade Center. Thank you, Willie.
All proceeds from this book will be donated to the Families
of Freedom Scholarship Fund, which provides funding for
additional education for families and children whose parents
were either killed or disabled from the 9/11 event.
http://taylorandfrancis.com
Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................xiii
Authors .....................................................................................................................xv
List of Acronyms ...................................................................................................xvii
Chapter 1 Occupational Safety and Health in the Workplace ..............................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 Multiple Facets of the Safety and Health Professional ..............3
1.3 Industrial Hygiene Program Tenets ...........................................5
1.4 Application and Implementation of Industrial Hygiene
Program Elements .....................................................................6
1.4.1 Program Management and Administration ..................7
1.4.2 Hazard Identification and Control Process...................7
1.4.3 Occupational Health Management ...............................8
1.4.4 Instrumentation and Calibration ..................................8
1.4.5 Data Management, Records, and Reporting ................9
1.4.6 Training and Qualification ...........................................9
1.4.7 Continuous Improvement ...........................................10
1.5 Industrial Hygiene Key Focus Area and Risk Reduction ........10
Questions to Ponder for Learning ......................................................11
Chapter 2 Art and Science of Industrial Hygiene ...............................................13
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................13
2.2 Art of Industrial Hygiene ........................................................13
2.2.1 Art of Hazard Recognition and Control .....................14
2.2.2 Art of an Occupational Exposure Monitoring
Strategy.......................................................................16
2.2.3 Art of the Occupational Health Program ...................16
2.2.4 Art of People Management ........................................18
2.2.4.1 Solicit Feedback from the Workforce .........18
2.2.4.2 Team with the Workforce in Preventing
Hazards .......................................................18
2.2.4.3 Provide Positive Feedback ..........................19
2.2.4.4 Be Respectful and Trusting ........................19
2.3 Science of Industrial Hygiene ..................................................19
2.3.1 Science of Hazard Recognition and Control ..............20
2.3.2 Science of an Occupational Exposure
Monitoring Strategy ...................................................21
2.3.3 Science of the Occupational Health Program ............22
2.3.4 Science of People Management ..................................22
Questions to Ponder for Learning ......................................................23
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 3 Industrial Hygiene Professional .........................................................25
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................25
3.2 Role of the Industrial Hygiene Professional ............................26
3.3 Corporate Programmatic Support Role ...................................26
3.4 Educating the Industrial Hygiene Professional .......................27
3.4.1 College and University Curricula ...............................27
3.5 Retention of the Industrial Hygiene Professional ....................30
3.6 Industrial Hygiene Certification ..............................................31
3.7 Continuing Education and Professional Development ............32
3.8 Job Rotation .............................................................................32
3.9 Organizational Structure .........................................................33
3.9.1 Flat Organizational Structure .....................................33
3.9.2 Hierarchical Organizational Structure .......................34
3.10 Industrial Hygienist as a Generalist ........................................35
3.11 Legal and Ethical Aspects of Industrial Hygiene ....................36
3.11.1 Professionalism ..........................................................37
3.11.2 Accountability ............................................................37
3.11.3 Humility .....................................................................37
3.11.4 Reliability ...................................................................38
3.11.5 Trustworthiness ..........................................................38
3.12 Regulatory Requirements and Enforceability .........................38
3.13 Industrial Hygienist as an Expert Witness ..............................38
Questions to Ponder for Learning ......................................................38
Chapter 4 Strategies for Exposure Monitoring and Instrumentation ..................41
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................41
4.2 Regulatory Aspects of Industrial Hygiene Monitoring ...........42
4.3 Quantitative and Qualitative Exposure and Risk Assessment ...43
4.3.1 Quantitative Exposure and Risk Assessment .............43
4.3.2 Qualitative Exposure and Risk Assessment ...............44
4.4 Process Flow of Exposure Assessment ...................................45
4.4.1 Defining the Scope of Work .......................................47
4.4.2 Developing a Monitoring Plan ...................................47
4.4.3 Implementing the Characterization and Monitoring
Plan .............................................................................49
4.4.4 Similar Exposure Groups .............................................50
4.4.5 Evaluating Data and Characterizing Exposures.........52
4.4.5.1 Application of Linear No-Threshold
versus Linear Threshold Models ................52
4.4.5.2 Occupational Exposure and
Administrative Control Limits ...................53
4.4.6 Develop Controls ........................................................54
4.4.7 Document Results ......................................................55
4.4.7.1 Peer Review and Validation ........................56
Contents ix
4.4.8 Communicate Data Results ........................................57
4.4.9 Develop a Reevaluation Plan ......................................58
4.5 Occupational Safety and Health Characterization
and Monitoring Equipment .....................................................58
4.5.1 Diffusion Detector Tubes ...........................................58
4.5.2 Vapor Monitor Badges................................................60
4.5.3 Personal Air Sampling Pumps ...................................60
4.5.4 Handheld Electronic Monitors ...................................61
4.5.5 Fixed Air Monitors .....................................................61
4.6 Case Study: “I Smell Something” ...........................................62
4.6.1 “I Smell Something”: Lessons Learned .....................62
4.7 Case Study: “I Have Been Sick for the Past 6 Months” ..........63
4.7.1 “I Have Been Sick for the Past 6 Months”:
Lessons Learned.........................................................63
Questions to Ponder for Learning ......................................................64
Chapter 5 Risk-Based Industrial Hygiene ...........................................................65
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................65
5.2 Importance of Risk Assessments and a Risk-Based
Approach to Hazard Management ...........................................65
5.3 Identifying and Controlling Workplace Risks.........................66
5.4 Addressing Industrial Hygiene Risks in the Workplace ..........67
5.4.1 Industrial Hygiene Risk Assessment ..........................68
5.5 Risk Ranking ...........................................................................70
5.6 Risk Communication ...............................................................71
5.7 Risk Acceptance ......................................................................72
Questions to Ponder for Learning ......................................................73
Chapter 6 Recognizing, Evaluating, and Controlling Workplace Hazards ........75
6.1 Introduction .............................................................................75
6.2 Historical Chemical and Industrial Hazards ...........................78
6.3 Workplace Hazard Inventories ................................................81
6.3.1 Task Hazard Inventory ...............................................81
6.3.2 Facility Hazard Inventory ..........................................81
6.4 Injury and Illness Logs and Inspection Trending ....................82
6.5 Chemical Inventories: Use, Storage, and Disposal Records ...84
6.6 Regulatory Inspections and Violations ....................................87
6.7 Hazard Control and Work Execution ......................................88
6.7.1 Hazard Elimination ....................................................89
6.7.2 Product Substitution ...................................................89
6.7.3 Engineering Controls .................................................89
6.7.4 Work Practices and Administrative Controls .............89
6.7.5 Personal Protective Equipment ..................................89