INDUSTRIAL ENZYME APPLICATIONS

433 Pages·2019·8.929 MB·English

by  VOGEL, ANDREAS. MAY OLIVER

IndustrialEnzymeApplications

Industrial Enzyme Applications
Editedby
AndreasVogelandOliverMay
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v
Contents
Preface xiii
PartI OverviewofIndustrialEnzymeApplicationsandKey
Technologies 1
1.1 IndustrialEnzymeApplications–OverviewandHistoric
Perspective 3
OliverMay
1.1.1 PrehistoricApplications 3
1.1.2 GrowingtheScientificBasis 5
1.1.3 TheBeginningofIndustrialApplicationsandtheEmergingEnzyme
Industry 12
References 21
1.2 EnzymeDevelopmentTechnologies 25
AndreasVogel
1.2.1 Introduction 25
1.2.2 IdentificationofWild-TypeEnzymes 26
1.2.2.1 SelectionParametersforStartingEnzymes 28
1.2.3 EnzymeEngineering 30
1.2.3.1 TypesofEnzymeModifications 30
1.2.3.2 GeneralEngineeringStrategies.LibraryDesignandGeneration 30
1.2.3.3 ScreeningforBetterEnzymes 37
1.2.4 ImpactofEnzymeDevelopmentTechnologiesTodayand
Tomorrow 38
Acknowledgments 41
References 41
1.3 EukaryoticExpressionSystemsforIndustrialEnzymes 47
LukasRieder,NicoTeuschler,KatharinaEbner,andAntonGlieder
1.3.1 EukaryoticEnzymeProductionSystems 47
1.3.2 SpecialConsiderationsforWorkingwithEukaryoticExpression
Systems 47
vi Contents
1.3.2.1 ChoiceofExpressionHost 47
1.3.2.2 ComparisonofCellStructureandTheirInfluenceonMolecular
Biology 49
1.3.3 DifferencesinVectorDesignforEukaryoticandProkaryoticHosts 51
1.3.4 DifferencesinRegulationofGeneExpressioninEukaryotesand
Prokaryotes 56
1.3.4.1 DifferentTypesofPromoters 58
1.3.5 IndustrialEnzymeProduction 58
1.3.6 EnzymeProductiononIndustrialScale 61
1.3.6.1 HomologousProteinProduction 61
1.3.6.2 HeterologousProteinProduction 62
References 63
1.4 ProcessConsiderationsfortheApplicationofEnzymes 71
SelinKaraandAndreasLiese
1.4.1 BiocatalystTypesUsedinIndustrialProcesses 71
1.4.2 EnzymeImmobilizationforBiocatalyticProcesses 74
1.4.3 ReactionMediumAppliedinEnzymaticCatalysis 76
1.4.3.1 MonophasicSystems–OrganicMedia 77
1.4.3.2 MultiphasicSystems–Liquid/LiquidMixtures 80
1.4.3.3 MultiphasicSystems–Gas/LiquidMixtures 83
1.4.3.4 MultiphasicSystems–Solid/LiquidMixtures 84
1.4.4 AppropriateReactorTypesinEnzymeCatalysis 87
1.4.5 AssessmentCriteriaforEnzymaticApplications 90
References 92
PartII EnzymeApplicationsfortheFoodIndustry 95
2.1 EnzymesUsedinBaking 97
JokeA.PutseysandMargotE.F.Schooneveld-Bergmans
2.1.1 Introduction 97
2.1.2 TheBakingProcess–TheBaker’sNeeds 98
2.1.2.1 FlourQualityandStandardization 98
2.1.2.2 MixingandDoughHandling 100
2.1.2.3 FermentationandDoughStability 105
2.1.2.4 BakingandOvenSpring 109
2.1.3 TheBreadQuality–TheConsumers’Needs 111
2.1.3.1 ColorandFlavor 111
2.1.3.2 ShelfLife 112
2.1.4 TrendsandOpportunitiesforBakingEnzymes 116
2.1.4.1 FineBakingandConfectionary 116
2.1.4.2 ConsumerPreference:Health,IndividualValues,and
Convenience 117
2.1.5 Conclusion 118
References 119
Contents vii
2.2 ProteinModificationtoMeettheDemandsoftheFood
Industry 125
AndrewEllis
2.2.1 FoodProteins 125
2.2.2 ProcessingofFoodProtein 127
2.2.3 EnzymesintheProcessingofFoodProteins 127
2.2.4 FoodProteinValueChain 130
2.2.5 RecentEnzymeDevelopments 131
2.2.5.1 SimpleProteinModification(ValueLevel3) 131
2.2.5.1.1 DevelopingMicrobialAlternativestoPlantandAnimalEnzymes 131
2.2.5.2 SpecializedEnzymeModification(ValueLevel4) 134
2.2.5.2.1 WheyProteinHydrolysates 134
2.2.5.2.2 PlantProteinHydrolysates 134
2.2.5.3 HighlySpecificProteinModification(ValueLevel5) 135
2.2.5.3.1 GlutenModification 135
2.2.5.3.2 AcrylamideReduction 135
2.2.5.3.3 BioactivePeptides 136
2.2.6 EnzymestoMeetFutureNeeds 137
Acknowledgments 139
References 139
2.3 DairyEnzymes 143
PeterDekker
2.3.1 Introduction 143
2.3.2 Coagulants 145
2.3.2.1 TraditionalRennets 147
2.3.2.2 MicrobialRennets 148
2.3.2.3 FermentationProducedChymosin 151
2.3.3 RipeningEnzymes 152
2.3.3.1 Proteases/Peptidases 153
2.3.3.2 Lipases/Esterases 154
2.3.4 Lactases 154
2.3.4.1 NeutralLactase 156
2.3.4.2 AcidLactase 158
2.3.4.3 GOSProduction 158
2.3.5 MiscellaneousEnzymes 161
2.3.5.1 Oxidases/Peroxidases 161
2.3.5.2 Phopholipases 162
2.3.5.3 Cross-linkingEnzymes 162
2.3.5.4 Preservation 163
2.3.6 NewDevelopments 163
References 163
viii Contents
2.4 EnzymaticProcessfortheSynthesisofCellobiose 167
BirgitBrucherandThomasHäßler
2.4.1 EnzymaticSynthesisofCellobiose 167
2.4.2 Cellobiose–PropertiesandApplications 168
2.4.3 ExistingRoutesforCellobioseSynthesis 170
2.4.4 EnzymeDevelopment 171
2.4.5 ProcessDevelopment 173
2.4.5.1 SynthesisofCellobiose 174
2.4.5.2 PurificationofCellobiose 174
2.4.6 SummaryandFuturePerspective 176
References 176
2.5 EmergingField–SynthesisofComplexCarbohydrates.Case
StudyonHMOs 179
DoraMolnar-Gabor,MarkusJ.Hederos,SebastianBartsch,andAndreasVogel
2.5.1 IntroductiontoHumanMilkOligosaccharides(HMOs) 179
2.5.1.1 DiscoveryandFunctionofHMOs 179
2.5.1.2 StructureofHMOs 180
2.5.1.3 HMOProduction,RegulatoryAuthorizations,andCommercial
Launch–HistoricalOverview 181
2.5.2 GlycomA/STechnologiesTowardCommercialHMO
Production 184
2.5.2.1 WholeCellMicrobialFermentationtoHMOs(InVivoProcess) 185
2.5.2.2 TheGlycomInVitroConcepttoDiversifyHMOBlends 187
2.5.2.3 ValidationoftheHMODiversificationConceptwithNon-optimized
Enzymes 187
2.5.3 EnzymeDevelopment 189
2.5.3.1 Optimizationoftheα1-3/4Transfucosidase 189
2.5.3.2 Optimizationoftheα2-6Transsialidase 192
2.5.4 ApplicationsoftheOptimizedEnzymesfortheHMOProfiles 195
2.5.4.1 Scale-UpoftheLacto-N-fucopentaoseIII(LNFP-III),Sialyl
Lacto-N-neotetraose(LST-c),andSialylLacto-N-tetraose(LST-a)
HMOProfiles 195
2.5.5 ConclusionandPerspective 197
References 198
PartIII EnzymeApplicationsforHumanandAnimal
Nutrition 203
3.1 EnzymesforHumanNutritionandHealth 205
YoshihikoHirose
3.1.1 Introduction 205
3.1.2 CurrentProblemsofEnzymesinHealthcareBusiness 205
3.1.3 EnzymesinExistingHealthcareProducts 206
3.1.3.1 DigestiveEnzymes 206