Industrial Composting: Environmental Engineering and Facilities Management PDF
Preview Industrial Composting: Environmental Engineering and Facilities Management
INDUSTRIAL COMPOSTING Environmental Engineering and Facilities Management Eliot Epstein INDUSTRIAL COMPOSTING Environmental Engineering and Facilities Management INDUSTRIAL COMPOSTING Environmental Engineering and Facilities Management Eliot Epstein Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Cover photo by Jeff Ziegenbein, Deputy Department Manager of Operations and Organics, Inland Empire Utilities Agency, Chino, CA. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-4532-5 (Ebook-PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To my late brother, Elan Epstein 1932–2007 © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents Preface......................................................................................................................xv Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................xix The Author ..............................................................................................................xxi Chapter 1 A Prospective .......................................................................................1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1 History ..................................................................................................2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Composting ...................................9 The Technology of Composting .........................................................10 Potentially Associated Risks with Composting or Compost Use ......10 Conclusion ..........................................................................................13 References ..........................................................................................14 Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of Composting ..........................................................15 Introduction ........................................................................................15 Temperature ........................................................................................15 Carbon and Nitrogen (C:N) ................................................................17 Carbon ...........................................................................................17 Nitrogen .........................................................................................18 Moisture .............................................................................................19 Oxygen and Aeration ..........................................................................20 Microorganisms in Composting .........................................................21 Stability, Maturity, and Phytotoxicity ................................................21 Conclusion ..........................................................................................23 References ..........................................................................................24 Chapter 3 The Composting Process ....................................................................25 Introduction ........................................................................................25 Feedstocks .....................................................................................25 Bulking Agent or Amendments .....................................................26 Final Product Distribution and Marketing ....................................28 The Composting Process ....................................................................28 Preprocessing .................................................................................28 Feedstock Delivery and Handling ............................................28 Feedstock Preparation ..............................................................30 Composting ....................................................................................32 Composting Phase or Active Composting ................................32 Curing Phase .............................................................................36 vii © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC viii Contents Postprocessing ...............................................................................38 Refining ....................................................................................38 Product Preparation ..................................................................38 Conclusion ..........................................................................................38 References ..........................................................................................39 Chapter 4 Design and Material, Energy, and Water Balances ............................41 Introduction ........................................................................................41 Approaches to Design ........................................................................42 Technical Memoranda ...................................................................43 Workshops .....................................................................................47 Design Basis Report ......................................................................48 Material, Energy, and Water Balances ...............................................50 Material Balance ...........................................................................50 Energy Balance ..............................................................................55 Water Balance ................................................................................57 Conclusion ..........................................................................................60 References ..........................................................................................60 Chapter 5 Facilities Planning ..............................................................................61 Introduction ........................................................................................61 Facility Ownership and Management ................................................62 Community Involvement ....................................................................62 Permit and Ancillary Requirements ..................................................65 Regulations .........................................................................................66 Site Selection ......................................................................................72 Neighbors .......................................................................................73 Availability of Feedstocks and Product Marketing Including Transportation Routes ...................................................................73 Availability of Utilities Such as Sewerage, Water, and Power ......74 Site Existing Conditions .....................................................................74 Site Layout .....................................................................................74 Traffic ............................................................................................74 Water Management and Resources ...............................................75 Geotechnical ..................................................................................75 Utilities ..........................................................................................76 System and Technology Selection ......................................................76 Conclusion ..........................................................................................77 References ..........................................................................................77 Chapter 6 Composting Technologies and Systems .............................................79 Introduction ........................................................................................79 Generic Classification of Composting Technologies .........................81 © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents ix Static Systems ................................................................................83 Passively Aerated Windrows ....................................................83 Forced Aeration ........................................................................83 Bin/Container/Bag/Tunnel .......................................................92 Silos and Vertical Reactors .......................................................93 Turned or Agitated Systems ..........................................................94 Windrow ...................................................................................94 Agitated Bed .............................................................................97 Drum .......................................................................................101 Criteria for System Selection ............................................................102 Conclusion ........................................................................................102 References ........................................................................................103 Chapter 7 Facility Design .................................................................................105 Introduction ......................................................................................105 Process Flow Determination ............................................................106 Site Design and Improvements .........................................................113 Traffic Flow and Location of Roads ............................................114 Site Improvements .......................................................................114 Structures .....................................................................................114 Equipment ........................................................................................115 Front-End Loaders (FELs)...........................................................115 Windrow Turning Equipment ......................................................116 Proprietary Equipment ................................................................116 Basic Design Information .................................................................118 Aeration Systems .........................................................................118 Aeration Requirements ................................................................120 Conclusion ........................................................................................124 References ........................................................................................126 Chapter 8 Economics ........................................................................................127 Introduction ......................................................................................127 Economics ........................................................................................127 Avoided Costs ..............................................................................128 Steps Needed to Arrive at the Cost of a Facility .........................129 Preliminary Costs ........................................................................131 Compost Facility Capital Costs ...................................................131 Operational and Maintenance Costs (O&M) ..............................132 Labor .......................................................................................132 Other O&M Expenses ............................................................133 Cost Comparison between Technologies and Systems ................135 Economics of Product Marketing and Sales ....................................135 Conclusion ........................................................................................139 References ........................................................................................139 © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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