Industrial Applications of Poly(lactic acid)

233 Pages·2018·3.17 MB·English

by  Maria Laura Di Lorenzo

Advances in Polymer Science 282
Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
René Androsch Editors
Industrial
Applications of
Poly(lactic acid)
282
Advances in Polymer Science
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Maria Laura Di Lorenzo • Rene´ Androsch
Editors
Industrial Applications
of Poly(lactic acid)
With contributions by
D. Bezuidenhout (cid:1) A. Bouzouita (cid:1) H. Bru¨nig (cid:1) A. Cain (cid:1)
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
X. Chen J. Ding P. Dubois G. G. Ferrer T. Groth
W. Hadasha (cid:1) I. Ku¨hnert (cid:1) F. Lauro (cid:1) J. Li (cid:1) A. Liedmann (cid:1)
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
J.F.Liu T.Liu Z.-M.Liu M.Malinconico M.S.Niepel
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) € (cid:1)
D. Notta-Cuvier J.-M. Raquez N. Rudolph Y. Sporer
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
Y. Tajitsu N. H. A. Tran M. Van den Eynde
(cid:1) (cid:1)
P. Van Puyvelde E. T. H. Vink L. Yan
Editors
MariaLauraDiLorenzo Rene´Androsch
NationalResearchCouncil InterdisciplinaryCenterforTransfer-Oriented
InstituteofPolymers,Compositesand ResearchinNaturalSciences
Biomaterials MartinLutherUniversityHalle-Wittenberg
Pozzuoli,Italy Halle/Saale,Germany
ISSN0065-3195 ISSN1436-5030 (electronic)
AdvancesinPolymerScience
ISBN978-3-319-75458-1 ISBN978-3-319-75459-8 (eBook)
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Preface
Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) industrial production has been rapidly increasing
because it can fulfil the dream of having cost-efficient and non-petroleum-based
plastics with numerous advantageous properties. The huge benefits of PLLA as a
renewableandenvironment-friendlypolymerareitsversatilityandbiodegradation
afterdiscardinginnaturalconditions.Forexample,aPLLAbottleleftintheocean
typically degrades within 2 years, whereas conventional plastics may survive
several hundred to a thousand years before degrading in the same environment.
Accordingly, there is a high potential for PLLA to be useful in short-lifespan
applicationswherebiodegradabilityishighlybeneficial.Ofnote,despiteitsability
todegradeafterdisposal,PLLAisextremelyrobustwhenusedforapplicationslike
food packaging, parts in electronic industry, automotive, or in the biomedical
sector.
Synthesis,structureandpropertiesofPLLAwerecoveredinaprecedingvolume
of Advances in Polymer Science. The present volume completes our collection of
researchtopicsonthishighlypromisingbiopolymer,withanoverviewofthestate-
of-artofthemainindustrialapplications.
The volume starts with a description of processing challenges of PLLA com-
pared to commodity petroleum-based polymers, with details on processing condi-
tions in extrusion, melt spinning, injection molding and additive manufacturing.
This is followed by an overview of applications of PLLA in commodities and
specialties,focusingonfoodpackagingandagriculture,wherecompostabilityand
biodegradationofPLLArepresentanaddedvalue.
The three next chapters describe biomedical applications of PLLA, as it is
biocompatible, safe for direct contact with biological tissues, and bioresorbable.
PLLAisnowwidelyacceptedasbiomaterialincardiovasculardevicesandskeletal
tissue engineering, as well as for controlled drug release. These chapters are
followed by details on one of the main processing methods of PLLA used in the
biomedical field to produce scaffolds for tissue engineering: additive manufactur-
ingtechnologies,commonlycalled3Dprinting.
v
vi Preface
Besides being compostable, biodegradable, biocompatible, and bioresorbable,
PLLAhasalsopiezoelectriccharacteristics,whichpermitsitsapplicationinsensor
devices, being discussed in a separate chapter. Brand new applications of PLLA
appearedintheautomotiveindustry,asthemoreandmorestringentenvironmental
regulationsleadtohugeresearcheffortsdevotedtoecofriendlyalternativesolutions
intheautomotivemarket,summarizedinthefinalchapterofthisvolume.
AsEditors,wewouldliketoexpressoursinceregratitudetoallourfriendsand
colleagues that contributed to this volume, including all the authors that provided
excellentcontributionsonthevariousaspectsofindustrialproductionandapplica-
tions of PLLA, as well as to all who actively participated in the review process,
investingtimeandeffortstoreviseandcommenteachchapter.
We hopethatthisvolumepromotes further development ofPLLA towiden its
rangeofapplicationsasabio-sourcedandbiodegradablepolymer,thuslimitingthe
wasteofnaturalresourcesforplasticproductionanddecreasingplasticproduction,
alltopreserveasustainableenvironmentforourfuturegenerations.
Pozzuoli,Italy MariaLauraDiLorenzo
Halle/Saale,Germany Rene´ Androsch
Contents
ProcessingofPoly(lacticAcid). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
InesKu¨hnert,YvonneSp€orer,HaraldBru¨nig,NguyenHoaiAnTran,
andNatalieRudolph
ApplicationsofPoly(lacticAcid)inCommoditiesandSpecialties. . . . . . 35
MarioMalinconico,ErwinT.H.Vink,andAndreaCain
Poly(lacticacid)asBiomaterialforCardiovascularDevices
andTissueEngineeringApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
WaledHadashaandDeonBezuidenhout
TailoringBulkandSurfaceCompositionofPolylactides
forApplicationinEngineeringofSkeletalTissues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
GloriaGallegoFerrer,AndreaLiedmann,MarcusS.Niepel,Zhen-MeiLiu,
andThomasGroth
Poly(lacticacid)ControlledDrugDelivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
JiannanLi,JianxunDing,TongjunLiu,JessicaF.Liu,LesanYan,
andXuesiChen
3DPrintingofPoly(lacticacid). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
MichaelVandenEyndeandPeterVanPuyvelde
Poly(lacticacid)forSensingApplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
YoshiroTajitsu
Poly(lacticacid)-BasedMaterialsforAutomotiveApplications. . . . . . . 177
AmaniBouzouita,DelphineNotta-Cuvier,Jean-MarieRaquez,
FranckLauro,andPhilippeDubois
Index. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . 221
vii
AdvPolymSci(2018)282:1–34
DOI:10.1007/12_2017_30
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017
Publishedonline:28October2017
Processing of Poly(lactic Acid)
InesKu€hnert,YvonneSp€orer,HaraldBru€nig,NguyenHoaiAnTran,
andNatalieRudolph
Abstract Polymer applications range from biomedical devices and structures,
packaging, or toys to automotive and industrial items. So far, biopolymers could
replace commodity polymers in a variety of products, especially for biomedical
applications or food packaging. One of the most used and widely studied bio-
polymersispoly(lacticacid)(PLA).Togeneratenewapplicationfieldsandprovide
abroaderapplicationofPLA,researchonprocessingbehaviorisstillrequired.This
chaptercoverstheprocessingrelevantbehaviorofPLAandprocessingconditions
for extrusion melt spinning, injection molding, and additive manufacturing. The
processing-relatedbehavioriscomparedtothatofcommoditypolymers.Theaimis
toprovideanoverviewofthestateoftheartandsomerecentnewdevelopmentsin
thisresearchfield.
Keywords 3D printing (cid:129) Additive manufacturing (cid:129) Crystallization (cid:129) Injection
molding (cid:129) Interface (cid:129) Interphase (cid:129) Mechanical properties (cid:129) Melt spinning (cid:129)
Morphology (cid:129) Poly(lactic acid) (cid:129) Processing (cid:129) Rheological behavior (cid:129) Skin-core
morphology(cid:129)Thermalproperties(cid:129)Weldline
I.Kühnert(*),Y.Sp€orer,andH.Brünig
Leibniz-InstitutfürPolymerforschungDresdene.V.,HoheStraße6,01069Dresden,Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
N.H.A.Tran
InstituteofTextileMachineryandHighPerformanceMaterialTechnology,Technische
Universita¨tDresden,01062Dresden,Germany
N.Rudolph
PolymerEngineeringCenter,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Universityof
Wisconsin-Madison,1513UniversityAvenue,Madison,WI53706,USA
2 I.Kühnertetal.
Contents
1 Poly(lacticAcid)andItsProcessing-RelatedBehavior..................................... 2
1.1 Introduction............................................................................. 2
1.2 Poly(lacticAcid)........................................................................ 2
1.3 Processing-RelatedBehaviorofPLA.................................................. 3
2 InsightsintotheProcessingofPLA......................................................... 8
2.1 Extrusion................................................................................ 8
2.2 MeltSpinning........................................................................... 10
2.3 InjectionMolding....................................................................... 17
2.4 AdditiveManufacturing................................................................ 25
3 Summary...................................................................................... 29
References........................................................................................ 29
1 Poly(lactic Acid) and Its Processing-Related Behavior
1.1 Introduction
Biopolymers(bio-basedand/orbiodegradable)suchaspoly(lacticacid)(PLA)are
processed and used in the same way as petrochemical-derived polymer materials
[1–3]. Morphology development during processing and its correlation with final
productproperties,togetherwithsketchylong-termbehavior,keepsthesematerials
from accelerated market growth [3]. PLA is one of the best known and best
understood bio-based materials. Its biocompatibility, biodegradation, and
non-toxic behavior makes this material attractive for use as structural parts and
also as a functional polymer, for example as an additive in paper materials,
adhesives, coatings, thickening agent, flocculants, and concrete agent [1, 2]. In
this chapter the processes for manufacturing structural parts and several specific
strategiestoimprovethe“structure-process-property”relationshiparedescribed.
1.2 Poly(lactic Acid)
The lactic acid monomer for PLA exists in two optically active configurations,
namely L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid. Depending on the monomers used and the
synthesis reaction conditions, it is possible to control the L-to-D ratio of the final
polymer. Therefore, different grades of PLA are available on the market, such as
purepoly-L-lacticacid(PLLA),poly-D-lacticacid(PDLA),orPLAwithvariation
of the D content. There are three possible paths for polymerization of lactic acid:
direct condensation polymerization, direct poly-condensation in an azeotropic
solution, and polymerization through lactic acid formation [4]. As with conven-
tionalpolymers,ahighdegreeofpolymerizationandincreasingcrystallinityleadto
anincreaseinstrength,elasticmodulus,glasstransitiontemperature(T ),andmelt
g
temperature [5]. According to process parameters, a recrystallization step for the