Induced Resistance for Plant Defence: A Sustainable Approach to Crop Protection

272 Pages·2007·1.43 MB·English

by  Dale Walters

Induced Resistance for
Plant Defence
A Sustainable Approach to Crop Protection
Edited by
Dale Walters
Crop and Soil Systems Research Group,
Scottish Agricultural College, Edinburgh, UK
Adrian Newton
Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
Gary Lyon
Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
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Induced Resistance for Plant Defence
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Induced Resistance for
Plant Defence
A Sustainable Approach to Crop Protection
Edited by
Dale Walters
Crop and Soil Systems Research Group,
Scottish Agricultural College, Edinburgh, UK
Adrian Newton
Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
Gary Lyon
Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
©2007 Blackwell Publishing
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First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
ISBN: 978-1-4051-3447-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Induced resistance for plant defence: a sustainable approach to crop protection / edited by Dale Walters,
Adrian Newton, Gary D. Lyon. – 1st. ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: 978-1-4051-3447-7 (hardback : alk. paper)
1. Plants–Disease and pest resistance–Genetic aspects. 2. Plants–Disease and pest
resistance–Molecular aspects. I. Walters, Dale. II. Newton, Adrian C. III. Lyon, Gary D.
SB750.I4745 2007
632(cid:2).9–dc22
2006026449
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Contents
List of contributors ix
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Introduction: definitions and some history 1
Ray Hammerschmidt
1.1 Induced resistance: an established phenomenon 1
1.2 Terminology and types of induced resistance 1
1.3 A little history 3
1.4 It’s all about interactions 6
1.5 Acknowledgements 7
1.6 References 7
Chapter 2 Agents that can elicit induced resistance 9
Gary Lyon
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Compounds inducing resistance 10
2.3 Conclusions 21
2.4 Acknowledgements 23
2.5 References 23
Chapter 3 Genomics in induced resistance 31
Kemal Kazan and Peer M. Schenk
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Transcriptome analyses for discovery of genes
involved in induced resistance 32
3.3 Proteome analyses and induced resistance 40
3.4 Metabolome analysis and induced resistance 41
3.5 Forward genetic approaches for discovery of genes
involved in induced resistance 43
3.6 Reverse genetic approaches 45
3.7 Manipulation of master switches for activation of
induced resistance 50
3.8 Suitable promoters for defence gene expression 51
3.9 Conclusions: a systems biological approach to induced
plant defence? 54
3.10 Acknowledgements 56
3.11 References 56
Chapter 4 Signalling cascades involved in induced resistance 65
Corné M.J. Pieterse and L.C. Van Loon
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 SA, JA and ET: important signals in primary defence 66
v
vi Contents
4.3 SA, JA and ET: important signals in induced
disease resistance 68
4.4 Crosstalk between signalling pathways 78
4.5 Outlook 80
4.6 Acknowledgements 81
4.7 References 81
Chapter 5 Types and mechanisms of rapidly induced plant resistance
to herbivorous arthropods 89
Michael J. Stout
5.1 Introduction: induced resistance in context 89
5.2 Comparison of the threats posed by pathogens
and herbivores 90
5.3 Types of induced resistance 92
5.4 Establishing the causal basis of induced resistance 99
5.5 Arthropods as dynamic participants in
plant–arthropod interactions 102
5.6 Conclusions 103
5.7 References 104
Chapter 6 Mechanisms of defence to pathogens: biochemistry and
physiology 109
Christophe Garcion, Olivier Lamotte and Jean-Pierre Métraux
6.1 Introduction 109
6.2 Structural barriers 109
6.3 Phytoalexins 112
6.4 The hypersensitive response (HR) 117
6.5 Antifungal proteins 121
6.6 Conclusions 123
6.7 References 123
Chapter 7 Induced resistance in natural ecosystems and pathogen
population biology: exploiting interactions 133
Adrian Newton and Jörn Pons-Kühnemann
7.1 Introduction 133
7.2 Environmental variability 133
7.3 Ecology of the plant environment 134
7.4 Environmental parameters 136
7.5 Plant and pathogen population genetics 136
7.6 Consequences of resistance induction 138
7.7 Conclusions 139
7.8 Acknowledgements 140
7.9 References 140
Chapter 8 Microbial induction of resistance to pathogens 143
Dale Walters and Tim Daniell
8.1 Introduction 143
8.2 Resistance induced by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria 143
Contents vii
8.3 Induction of resistance by biological control agents 148
8.4 Resistance induced by composts 149
8.5 Disease control provided by an endophytic fungus 149
8.6 Mycorrhizal symbiosis and induced resistance 150
8.7 Acknowledgements 152
8.8 References 152
Chapter 9 Trade-offs associated with induced resistance 157
Martin Heil
9.1 Introduction 157
9.2 Artificial resistance inducers 159
9.3 Costs of SAR 163
9.4 Conclusions 169
9.5 Acknowledgements 170
9.6 References 170
Chapter 10 Topical application of inducers for disease control 179
Philippe Reignault and Dale Walters
10.1 Introduction 179
10.2 Biotic inducers 179
10.3 Abiotic inducers 184
10.4 Conclusions 194
10.5 Acknowledgements 194
10.6 References 194
Chapter 11 Integration of induced resistance in crop production 201
Tony Reglinski, Elizabeth Dann and Brian Deverall
11.1 Introduction 201
11.2 Induced resistance for disease control 202
11.3 Variable efficacy of induced resistance 206
11.4 Compatibility of activators with other control methods 209
11.5 Integration of plant activators in crop management 216
11.6 Knowledge gaps 221
11.7 Conclusions 222
11.8 References 223
Chapter 12 Exploitation of induced resistance: a commercial perspective 229
Andy Leadbeater and Theo Staub
12.1 Introduction 229
12.2 Science and serendipitous discovery of resistance-
inducing compounds 230
12.3 Discovery of INAs and BTHs 231
12.4 Identification of BION®and other SAR activators 231
12.5 The role of basic studies in the discovery of BION®and
other SAR/ISR products 232
12.6 Identification of harpin 233
12.7 The commercial development of an induced
resistance product 234
viii Contents
12.8 Innovation in registration? 236
12.9 Commercial experiences with induced resistance products 237
12.10 Conclusions 240
12.11 References 241
Chapter 13 Induced resistance in crop protection: the future,
drivers and barriers 243
Gary Lyon, Adrian Newton and Dale Walters
13.1 Introduction 243
13.2 Strategies to increase efficacy and durability in the field 243
13.3 What research is required to make induced resistance
work in practice? 244
13.4 Can we breed plants with enhanced responsiveness
to inducers? 246
13.5 The potential for GM plants containing SAR-related genes 246
13.6 Political, economic and legislation issues 247
13.7 Conclusion 247
13.8 Acknowledgements 248
13.9 References 248
Index 251