Induced Resistance for Plant Defence: A Sustainable Approach to Crop Protection

264 Pages·2007·2.76 MB·English

Induced Resistance for Plant Defence
Induced Resistance for
Plant Defence
A Sustainable Approach to Crop Protection
Edited by
Dale Walters
Crop and Soil Systems Research Group,
Scottish Agricultural College, Edinburgh, UK
Adrian Newton
Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
Gary Lyon
Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
©2007 Blackwell Publishing
Blackwell Publishing editorial offices:
Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK
Tel:(cid:1)44 (0)1865 776868
Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA
Tel:(cid:1)1 515 292 0140
Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
Tel:(cid:1)61 (0)3 8359 1011
The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as
permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
First published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
ISBN: 978-1-4051-3447-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Induced resistance for plant defence: a sustainable approach to crop protection / edited by Dale Walters,
Adrian Newton, Gary D. Lyon. – 1st. ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: 978-1-4051-3447-7 (hardback : alk. paper)
1. Plants–Disease and pest resistance–Genetic aspects. 2. Plants–Disease and pest
resistance–Molecular aspects. I. Walters, Dale. II. Newton, Adrian C. III. Lyon, Gary D.
SB750.I4745 2007
632(cid:2).9–dc22
2006026449
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library
Set in 10/12.5 pt Times by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company), Chennai, India
www.charontec.com
Printed and bound in Singapore
by COS Printers Pte Ltd
The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy,
and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free
practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable
environmental accreditation standards.
For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website:
www.blackwellpublishing.com
Contents
List of contributors ix
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Introduction: definitions and some history 1
Ray Hammerschmidt
1.1 Induced resistance: an established phenomenon 1
1.2 Terminology and types of induced resistance 1
1.3 A little history 3
1.4 It’s all about interactions 6
1.5 Acknowledgements 7
1.6 References 7
Chapter 2 Agents that can elicit induced resistance 9
Gary Lyon
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Compounds inducing resistance 10
2.3 Conclusions 21
2.4 Acknowledgements 23
2.5 References 23
Chapter 3 Genomics in induced resistance 31
Kemal Kazan and Peer M. Schenk
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Transcriptome analyses for discovery of genes
involved in induced resistance 32
3.3 Proteome analyses and induced resistance 40
3.4 Metabolome analysis and induced resistance 41
3.5 Forward genetic approaches for discovery of genes
involved in induced resistance 43
3.6 Reverse genetic approaches 45
3.7 Manipulation of master switches for activation of
induced resistance 50
3.8 Suitable promoters for defence gene expression 51
3.9 Conclusions: a systems biological approach to induced
plant defence? 54
3.10 Acknowledgements 56
3.11 References 56
Chapter 4 Signalling cascades involved in induced resistance 65
Corné M.J. Pieterse and L.C. Van Loon
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 SA, JA and ET: important signals in primary defence 66
v
vi Contents
4.3 SA, JA and ET: important signals in induced
disease resistance 68
4.4 Crosstalk between signalling pathways 78
4.5 Outlook 80
4.6 Acknowledgements 81
4.7 References 81
Chapter 5 Types and mechanisms of rapidly induced plant resistance
to herbivorous arthropods 89
Michael J. Stout
5.1 Introduction: induced resistance in context 89
5.2 Comparison of the threats posed by pathogens
and herbivores 90
5.3 Types of induced resistance 92
5.4 Establishing the causal basis of induced resistance 99
5.5 Arthropods as dynamic participants in
plant–arthropod interactions 102
5.6 Conclusions 103
5.7 References 104
Chapter 6 Mechanisms of defence to pathogens: biochemistry and
physiology 109
Christophe Garcion, Olivier Lamotte and Jean-Pierre Métraux
6.1 Introduction 109
6.2 Structural barriers 109
6.3 Phytoalexins 112
6.4 The hypersensitive response (HR) 117
6.5 Antifungal proteins 121
6.6 Conclusions 123
6.7 References 123
Chapter 7 Induced resistance in natural ecosystems and pathogen
population biology: exploiting interactions 133
Adrian Newton and Jörn Pons-Kühnemann
7.1 Introduction 133
7.2 Environmental variability 133
7.3 Ecology of the plant environment 134
7.4 Environmental parameters 136
7.5 Plant and pathogen population genetics 136
7.6 Consequences of resistance induction 138
7.7 Conclusions 139
7.8 Acknowledgements 140
7.9 References 140
Chapter 8 Microbial induction of resistance to pathogens 143
Dale Walters and Tim Daniell
8.1 Introduction 143
8.2 Resistance induced by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria 143
Contents vii
8.3 Induction of resistance by biological control agents 148
8.4 Resistance induced by composts 149
8.5 Disease control provided by an endophytic fungus 149
8.6 Mycorrhizal symbiosis and induced resistance 150
8.7 Acknowledgements 152
8.8 References 152
Chapter 9 Trade-offs associated with induced resistance 157
Martin Heil
9.1 Introduction 157
9.2 Artificial resistance inducers 159
9.3 Costs of SAR 163
9.4 Conclusions 169
9.5 Acknowledgements 170
9.6 References 170
Chapter 10 Topical application of inducers for disease control 179
Philippe Reignault and Dale Walters
10.1 Introduction 179
10.2 Biotic inducers 179
10.3 Abiotic inducers 184
10.4 Conclusions 194
10.5 Acknowledgements 194
10.6 References 194
Chapter 11 Integration of induced resistance in crop production 201
Tony Reglinski, Elizabeth Dann and Brian Deverall
11.1 Introduction 201
11.2 Induced resistance for disease control 202
11.3 Variable efficacy of induced resistance 206
11.4 Compatibility of activators with other control methods 209
11.5 Integration of plant activators in crop management 216
11.6 Knowledge gaps 221
11.7 Conclusions 222
11.8 References 223
Chapter 12 Exploitation of induced resistance: a commercial perspective 229
Andy Leadbeater and Theo Staub
12.1 Introduction 229
12.2 Science and serendipitous discovery of resistance-
inducing compounds 230
12.3 Discovery of INAs and BTHs 231
12.4 Identification of BION®and other SAR activators 231
12.5 The role of basic studies in the discovery of BION®and
other SAR/ISR products 232
12.6 Identification of harpin 233
12.7 The commercial development of an induced
resistance product 234
viii Contents
12.8 Innovation in registration? 236
12.9 Commercial experiences with induced resistance products 237
12.10 Conclusions 240
12.11 References 241
Chapter 13 Induced resistance in crop protection: the future,
drivers and barriers 243
Gary Lyon, Adrian Newton and Dale Walters
13.1 Introduction 243
13.2 Strategies to increase efficacy and durability in the field 243
13.3 What research is required to make induced resistance
work in practice? 244
13.4 Can we breed plants with enhanced responsiveness
to inducers? 246
13.5 The potential for GM plants containing SAR-related genes 246
13.6 Political, economic and legislation issues 247
13.7 Conclusion 247
13.8 Acknowledgements 248
13.9 References 248
Index 251
List of contributors
Dr Tim Daniell Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee
DD2 5DA, UK
E-mail: [email protected]
Dr Elizabeth Dann Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries,
80 Meiers Road, Queensland 4068, Australia
E-mail: [email protected]
Professor Brian Deverall Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources,
University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
E-mail: [email protected]
Dr Christophe Garcion Departemente de Biologie, Université de Fribourg, 1700
Fribourg, Switzerland
E-mail: [email protected]
Professor Ray Department of Plant Pathology, 107 CIPS Building,
Hammerschmidt Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
48824-1311, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Professor Martin Heil Department of General Botany – Plant Ecology,
University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, D-45117
Essen, Germany
E-mail: [email protected]
Dr Kemal Kazan Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation, Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience
Precinct, St Lucia, Queensland 4069, Australia
E-mail: [email protected]
Dr Olivier Lamotte Departemente de Biologie, Université de Fribourg, 1700
Fribourg, Switzerland
[email protected]
Dr Andy Leadbeater Syngenta Crop Protection AG
E-mail: [email protected]
Dr Gary Lyon Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee
DD2 5DA, UK
E-mail: [email protected]
Professor Jean-Pierre Departemente de Biologie, Université de Fribourg, 1700
Métraux Fribourg, Switzerland
E-mail: [email protected]
ix
x List of contributors
Dr Adrian Newton Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee
DD2 5DA, UK
E-mail: [email protected]
Professor Corné Phytopathology, Institute of Environmental Biology,
M.J. Pieterse Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508 TB Utrecht,
The Netherlands
E-mail: [email protected]
Dr Jörn Pons-Kühnemann Biometry and Population Genetics, Giessen University,
Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
E-mail: [email protected]
Dr Tony Reglinski Bioprotection Group, HortResearch, Ruakura Research
Centre, East Street, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton,
New Zealand
E-mail: [email protected]
Dr Philippe Reignault Mycologie/Phytopathologie/Environnement, Université
du Littoral Côte d’Opale, 17, avenue Louis Blériot BP
699, F-62228 Calais Cedex, France
E-mail: [email protected]
Dr Peer Schenk School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland,
St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
E-mail: [email protected]
Dr Theo Staub Syngenta Crop Protection AG
Professor Mike Stout Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University
Agricultural Center, 402 Life Sciences Building,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803,
USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Professor L.C. Phytopathology, Institute of Environmental Biology,
Van Loon Utrecht University, PO Box 80084, 3508 TB Utrecht,
The Netherlands
E-mail: [email protected]
Professor Dale Crop & Soil Systems Research Group,
Walters Scottish Agricultural College, King’s Buildings,
West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
E-mail: [email protected]
Preface
Plant diseases have been a problem for mankind since the very beginnings of agriculture.
As we write this preface, some 12,000 years later, plant diseases are still a problem. We
have learned a great deal about plant diseases and how to control them in the intervening
millennia, but disease still takes its toll on our crops every year. The problem is the result,
in large part, of the genetic adaptability of the pathogens responsible for causing plant dis-
eases: they develop resistance to our crop protection chemicals and rapidly overcome the
resistance bred into our new crop varieties. In the fight against plant disease, it is essen-
tial therefore that we keep one (or preferably several) steps ahead of the pathogens.
In their review of global food security, Strange & Scott (2005; Annual Review of
Phytopathology43,83–116) point out that more than 800 million people worldwide do
not have sufficient food, and some 1.3 billion people survive on less than $1 a day.
Further, a survey by The Economist in 2000 (The Economist, March 25) estimated that
there will be an additional 1.5 billion people to feed by 2020, requiring farmers to produce
39% more grain. Since it is estimated that some 12% of global crop production is lost to
plant disease annually, it is clear that the need for efficient, reliable and affordable disease
control measures has never been greater. Equally important from the modern perspective
is the need to ensure that any new disease control measures maintain crop yield and qual-
ity, without harming our fragile and long suffering environment.
Although the first recorded observations of induced resistance date back to the 19th cen-
tury, the phenomenon was largely ignored until the late 1950s and early 1960s. Even then,
the concept of induced resistance was largely ignored, despite the very solid foundation
being laid by Joe Kuc´ and his colleagues. There was a gradual awakening of interest, and
induced resistance has attracted increasing attention in the last 15 years or so. This interest
is not surprising, since induced resistance offers the prospect of broad spectrum, long last-
ing and, hopefully, environmentally benign disease control. However, this prospect will not
be realized unless we are able to translate our ever increasing understanding of the cellular
basis of induced resistance to the practical, field situation. This requires integration of
molecular biology and biochemistry, with crop science and ecology. In this book, our aim
is to provide plant pathologists, crop protectionists, agronomists and others with an update
of the broad and complex topic that is induced resistance and to highlight the efforts being
made to provide the understanding necessary to allow induced resistance to be used in
practice. The various chapters in the book cover the cellular aspects of induced resistance,
including signalling and defence mechanisms, the trade-offs associated with the expression
of induced resistance, work on integrating induced resistance into crop protection practice
and induced resistance from a commercial perspective. Our hope is that this book will
excite the interest of plant and crop scientists and encourage the collaboration between
molecular biologists, plant pathologists and ecologists that will be necessary to realize the
great potential offered by induced resistance.
Dale Walters, Adrian Newton and Gary Lyon
xi