Indoor environment and energy efficiency in schools. Part 1, Principles PDF
Preview Indoor environment and energy efficiency in schools. Part 1, Principles
REHVA Indoor Environment and Energy Efficiency in Schools Part 1 Principles Francesca R. d’Ambrosio Alfano (ed.) Laura Bellia Atze Boerstra Froukje van Dijken Elvira Ianniello Gino Lopardo Francesco Minichiello Piercarlo Romagnoni Manuel Carlos Gameiro da Silva DISCLAIMER This Guidebook is the result of the REHVA volunteers. It has been written with care, using the best available information and the soundest judgment possible. REHVA and the REHVA volunteers, who contributed to this Guidebook, make no representation or warranty, express or implied, concerning the completeness, accuracy, or applicability of the information contained in the Guidebook. No liability of any kind shall be assumed by REHVA or the authors of this Guidebook as a result of reliance on any information contained in this document. The user shall assume the entire risk of the use of any and all information in this Guidebook. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copyright © 2010 by REHVA, Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air–conditioning Associations All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronically or mechanical, including photocopy recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be addressed to REHVA Office, 40 Rue Washington, 1050 Brussels – Belgium e-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-2-930521-03-9 Printed in Turkey by Özgün Offset ii Member countries of REHVA Belgium Hungary Russia Bosnia Ireland Serbia Bulgaria Italy Slovakia Croatia Latvia Slovenia Czech Republic Lithuania Spain Denmark The Netherlands Sweden Estonia Norway Switzerland Finland Poland Turkey France Portugal United Kingdom Germany Romania Working group This book is developed with a working group consisting of the following experts: • Laura Bellia, Professor, University of Napoli Federico II, Italy • Atze Boerstra, Consultant, BBA Indoor Environmental Consultancy, The Netherlands • Francesca R. d’Ambrosio Alfano, Professor, University of Salerno, Italy • Manuel Carlos Gameiro da Silva, Professor, University of Coimbra, Portugal • Elvira Ianniello, PhD, University of Salerno, Italy • Jarek Kurnitski, Adjunct Professor, D.Sc., Sitra, Finnish Innovation Fund, Finland • Gino Lopardo, PhD student, University of Salerno, Italy • Francesco Minichiello, Professor, University of Napoli Federico II, Italy • Jari Palonen, Technical University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland • Piercarlo Romagnoni, Professor, University IUAV Venezia, Italy • Dennis Schuiling, Consultant, Royal BAM Group, BAM techniek, The Netherlands • Froukje van Dijken, Consultant, BBA Indoor Environmental Consultancy, The Netherlands Reviewers The following experts have reviewed the book and made valuable suggestions for improvements. • Derrick Braham, Consult, UK • Dusan Petras, Professor, Slovakia • Peter Stankov, Professor, Bulgaria vi Member countries of REHVA Belgium Hungary Russia Bosnia Ireland Serbia Bulgaria Italy Slovakia Croatia Latvia Slovenia Czech Republic Lithuania Spain Denmark The Netherlands Sweden Estonia Norway Switzerland Finland Poland Turkey France Portugal United Kingdom Germany Romania Working group This book is developed with a working group consisting of the following experts: • Laura Bellia, Professor, University of Napoli Federico II, Italy • Atze Boerstra, Consultant, BBA Indoor Environmental Consultancy, The Netherlands • Francesca R. d’Ambrosio Alfano, Professor, University of Salerno, Italy • Manuel Carlos Gameiro da Silva, Professor, University of Coimbra, Portugal • Elvira Ianniello, PhD, University of Salerno, Italy • Jarek Kurnitski, Adjunct Professor, D.Sc., Sitra, Finnish Innovation Fund, Finland • Gino Lopardo, PhD student, University of Salerno, Italy • Francesco Minichiello, Professor, University of Napoli Federico II, Italy • Jari Palonen, Technical University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland • Piercarlo Romagnoni, Professor, University IUAV Venezia, Italy • Dennis Schuiling, Consultant, Royal BAM Group, BAM techniek, The Netherlands • Froukje van Dijken, Consultant, BBA Indoor Environmental Consultancy, The Netherlands Reviewers The following experts have reviewed the book and made valuable suggestions for improvements. • Derrick Braham, Consult, UK • Dusan Petras, Professor, Slovakia • Peter Stankov, Professor, Bulgaria vi Member countries of REHVA Belgium Hungary Russia Bosnia Ireland Serbia Bulgaria Italy Slovakia Croatia Latvia Slovenia Czech Republic Lithuania Spain Denmark The Netherlands Sweden Estonia Norway Switzerland Finland Poland Turkey France Portugal United Kingdom Germany Romania Working group This book is developed with a working group consisting of the following experts: • Laura Bellia, Professor, University of Napoli Federico II, Italy • Atze Boerstra, Consultant, BBA Indoor Environmental Consultancy, The Netherlands • Francesca R. d’Ambrosio Alfano, Professor, University of Salerno, Italy • Manuel Carlos Gameiro da Silva, Professor, University of Coimbra, Portugal • Elvira Ianniello, PhD, University of Salerno, Italy • Jarek Kurnitski, Adjunct Professor, D.Sc., Sitra, Finnish Innovation Fund, Finland • Gino Lopardo, PhD student, University of Salerno, Italy • Francesco Minichiello, Professor, University of Napoli Federico II, Italy • Jari Palonen, Technical University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland • Piercarlo Romagnoni, Professor, University IUAV Venezia, Italy • Dennis Schuiling, Consultant, Royal BAM Group, BAM techniek, The Netherlands • Froukje van Dijken, Consultant, BBA Indoor Environmental Consultancy, The Netherlands Reviewers The following experts have reviewed the book and made valuable suggestions for improvements. • Derrick Braham, Consult, UK • Dusan Petras, Professor, Slovakia • Peter Stankov, Professor, Bulgaria vi REHVA – Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air–Conditioning Associations REHVA, now almost 50 years old, is an would have a good long term return of in- organization of European professionals in vestment due to improved learning results the field of building services (heating, and lower health care expenses. ventilation and air-conditioning). REHVA represents more than 100 000 experts from This guidebook gives a sound background 29 European countries. on the basics of the human requirements with respect to indoor environmental con- REHVA’s main activity is to develop and ditions for the design and operation of disseminate economical, energy efficient schools for the optimal performance of the and healthy technology for the mechanical students. The book also describes the prin- services of buildings. The work is super- ciples of good HVAC systems for schools. vised by the Board of Directors. REHVA It focuses particularly on energy efficient Guidebook projects are coordinated by the systems for a healthy indoor environment. Technology and Research Committee of The book gives also practical guidance for REHVA. selection, installation and operation of HVAC systems. With case studies from Several task forces are currently working different climatic conditions it illustrates on REHVA Guidebooks such as: Indoor how the renovation can impact on energy environment in museums, Indoor envi- performance and indoor environment of ronmental investigations, New air distri- school buildings. bution systems, Radiant heating, Low energy cooling and many others. This guidebook is a project of several member countries of REHVA. The work School buildings are very important for has been coordinated by REHVA´s Italian society. The number of children in schools member AICARR. in REHVA countries throughout Europe is more than 100 million, a considerable part The REHVA Board would like to express of population. School buildings also repre- its sincere gratitude to AICARR and the sent a significant part of the building stock, working group for their invaluable work. and also a noteworthy part of the total en- REHVA would also like to express its ergy use. Unfortunately studies in many gratitude to the universities, institutions countries have shown numerous shortcom- and companies that supported the work ings in the indoor environment of schools. by allowing and encouraging their experts Actually, children in schools are more sen- to participate in the production of this sitive to environmental exposure than guidebook. adults. Society should do more to protect them from harmful exposure in schools. All students and employees in schools have the Olli Seppänen right to a healthy indoor environment. In- Secretary General of REHVA vestment in the quality of school buildings v List of contents 1 ENVIRONMENTAL COMFORT AND ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY..........1 1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................1 1.2 EU attention to energy saving in residential buildings....................................1 2 INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL COMFORT ASPECTS.....................................4 2.1 The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ).......................................................4 2.2 The importance of a good IEQ in schools.......................................................6 2.3 Thermal comfort.............................................................................................9 2.4 Indoor Air Quality........................................................................................18 2.5 Acoustic comfort..........................................................................................33 2.6 Visual comfort..............................................................................................39 3 ENERGY SAVING AND GLOBAL COMFORT..............................................53 3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................53 3.2 Impact of energy saving choices on global comfort......................................53 3.3 The Standard EN 15251...............................................................................54 4 HVAC SYSTEMS................................................................................................62 4.1 General considerations and typical school areas...........................................62 4.2 Design criteria..............................................................................................63 4.3 Thermal loads...............................................................................................67 4.4 HVAC equipment and systems in school buildings: typologies and selection criteria...........................................................................................68 4.5 HVAC equipment and systems in new school buildings...............................73 4.6 HVAC systems in existing school buildings: typologies and retrofit criteria79 4.7 Dehumidification problems at summer part load conditions.........................79 4.8 Automatic control system and energy conservation criteria for HVAC systems in school buildings..............................................................80 iii 4.9 Central heating/cooling stations.......................................................................82 4.10 Maintenance.................................................................................................83 5 ENERGY CONSUMPTION................................................................................85 5.1 Introduction..................................................................................................85 5.2 Energy consumption assessment methodologies for new buildings..............86 5.3 Energy consumptions and energy assessment benchmarking methodologies for existing buildings....................................................................................90 5.4 Primary energy evaluation............................................................................93 5.5 Energy considerations about schools............................................................94 6 CASE STUDIES...................................................................................................97 Case I – The assessment of IEQ of an Italian school....................................................................97 Case II – A renovated school building with natural air supply and mechanical exhaust...........103 Case III – A renovated classroom with a displacement ventilation system................................108 Case IV – Poikkilaakso School Helsinki, Finland......................................................................113 7 REFERENCES...................................................................................................118 iv 1 ENVIRONMENTAL COMFORT AND ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY 1.1 Introduction past, in order to meet requirements of safety, energy saving, maintainability, Building construction and renovation de- sustainability and occupants comfort. sign is assuming a more and more human oriented philosophy in the last years. Anyway, design is not the only aspect to Building materials, systems and compo- be taken into consideration, because the nents become more and more advanced operation of the building and the conduc- and sophisticated in order to meet this tion and maintenance of systems are as change. This happens because of changing important as the design phase. In fact en- needs of people with respect to the indoor ergy efficiency and comfort are strictly environment, where they spend the most related to how the building and its devices part of the day and that should be as com- are used. For example, even if a poten- fortable as possible, in terms of indoor tially very efficient system is designed and environmental quality, IEQ, which is a realized, bad use or maintenance could measure of the whole of thermal, visual, cause unforeseen energy losses. acoustic comfort and acceptable indoor air quality conditions in an environment. An integrated approach in the design of school buildings and systems is required It is clear that safety is the most important to meet all mentioned needs, because a aspect in building construction/renovation high number of variables and their rela- design, but it should be always kept in tionships, in many cases very complex mind that the final aim of designers is to ones, have to be considered (d’Ambrosio let people stay healthy in the indoor envi- Alfano et al., 2006). ronment they construct. 1.2 EU attention to energy saving An important factor, that should not be in residential buildings neglected, is the growing consciousness of researchers concerning the effects of a The Directive 2002/91/EC of the Euro- poor indoor environment on people. Fo- pean Parliament and of the Council on 16 cusing only on unhealthy diseases, let us December 2002 on the energy perform- think of the loss of concentration in noisy ance of buildings raises some fundamen- environments or of the effects on per- tal questions connected with the increas- formance and productivity due to poor ing requirement of energy, and of the indoor air quality. energy crises during the last few years. Design, techniques, materials rules and One of the most relevant aspects stated in standards are developing in this sense, so, the Directive introduction, is the fact that when a new building is designed, or an the residential and tertiary sectors, the existing one is renovated, more aspects major part of which are buildings, ac- have to be considered with respect to the counts for more than 40% of final energy 1 REHVA Indoor Environment and Energy Efficiency in Schools Guidebook – Part 1 consumption in the Community and is Member States are required to get equipped expanding, a trend which is bound to in- with calculation methodologies of energy crease its energy consumption and hence performance of buildings for design and also its carbon dioxide emissions (Euro- verification of minimum performance re- pean Union, 2002). That is why the Euro- quirements. Methodologies must be estab- pean Community considered it necessary lished on a national or regional scale. to call to the attention of Member States the fact that demand management of en- All new buildings must satisfy minimal ergy is an important tool enable the Com- performance standards; furthermore all munity to influence the global energy mar- existing buildings, having a useful area ket and hence the security of energy supply over 1000 m² and subject to major reno- in the medium and long term (European vation, should be refurbished so that the Union, 2002). minimum requirements are satisfied. The Directive 2002/91/EC objective is to An important aspect, often remarked in promote the improvement of the energy the Directive text, concerns the influence performance of buildings within the that such choices concerning energy sav- Community, taking into account outdoor ing can have upon environmental quality climatic and local conditions, as well as of buildings. At point 8 of introductive indoor climate requirements and cost considerations, it can be read that systems effectiveness. should be designed in such a way that the amount of energy required in use will be The Directive lays down requirements low, having regard to the climatic condi- concerning: tions of the location and the occupants (European Union, 2002). • general framework for a methodology of calculation of the integrated energy In other parts of the Directive text refer- performance of buildings; ences to people comfort, in particular, at • application of minimum requirements point (16): Public activity buildings and on the energy performance of new buildings frequently visited by public buildings; should set an example by taking environ- • application of minimum requirements mental and energy considerations into ac- on the energy performance of large count….Moreover the displaying of offi- existing buildings that are subject to cially recommended temperatures, together major renovation; with the actual measured temperature, • energy certification of buildings; should discourage the misuse of heating, • regular inspection of boilers and of air conditioning and ventilation systems. air conditioning systems in buildings This should contribute to avoiding unneces- and, in addition, an assessment of the sary use of energy and of safeguarding heating installation condition in comfortable indoor climatic conditions which the boilers are more than (thermal comfort) in relation to the outside fifteen years old. temperature (European Union, 2002). 2
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