Indoor Environment - Airborne Particles and Settled Dust

469 Pages·2000·9.42 MB·English

by  edited by Lidia Morawska and Tunga Salthammer

IndoorEnvironment
AirborneParticles and Settled Dust
Editedby
LidiaMorawskaandTunga Salthammer
Indoor Environment. Edited by Lidia Morawska and Tunga Salthammer
© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
ISBN: 978-3-527-30525-4
Further Reading from WILEY-VCH
Tunga Salthammer(Ed.)
Organic Indoor Air Pollutants
Occurrence, Measurement, Evaluation
343 pages, 1999
ISBN3-527-29622-0
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)(Ed.)
MAK- und BAT-Werte-Liste 2002
259 pages, 2002
ISBN3-527-27511-8
AntoniusKettrup,HelmutGreim(Eds.)
Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air
Volume 8
282 pages, 2003
ISBN3-527-27793-5
HelmutGreim(Ed.)
Occupational Toxicants
Critical Data Evaluation for MAK Values
and Classification of Carcinogens
Volume 20
350 pages, 2003
ISBN3-527-27797-8
Indoor Environment
Airborne Particles and Settled Dust
Edited by
Lidia Morawska and Tunga Salthammer
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ISBN 3-527-30525-4
V
Foreword
We confront dust every day, as well as moves both physical and moral to elimi-
nate it. It is so commonplace that one might assume it was a subject without any
widespread interest. Yet, Hannah Holmes was able toproduce the popular science
book, The SecretLife of Dust. In March of 2002 The Times of London published a
feature article “A better class of dust falls on National Trust”, dealing with
approaches to soiling in historic houses. This provoked widespread comment, re-
minding us that everyone, not just housewives, had strong views on dust. In his-
toric buildings, dust can be important in influencing the way we view the rooms
and even add a sense of historicity. However, surveys reveal that the public has a
wide range of concerns. They understand the notion of patina, yet believe dust in
historic buildings reveals a lack of proper care, reflecting a poor presentation as
well as damaging objects on display. Beyond this they are acutely worried that
dust attracts insects and that it has a significant impact on human health. These
public concerns fuel a debate that extends to many aspects of interior design and
the furnishing and flooring materials we use.
Thus it is high time that this volume on indoor air focuses on particulate
material, and the risks of human exposure. This has a clear resonance with public
concern, especially in the decade following the work by such scientists as
Schwartz and Dockery on the health implications of fine particles in urban air.
This understanding is now balanced by similar studies of particles in indoor air.
Our measurement and monitoring has had to pay attention to particle size and,
increasingly, to composition. The indoor environment is nevertheless different
from that outside. The fine particles often come from very specific sources, such
as tobacco smoke or produced by indoor reactions. The secondary products of re-
actions between limonene and ozone, for example, lead to fine particles that can
be potent respiratory irritants. The indoor environment is also one where large
particles are of importance, since they have no difficulty in moving over the rela-
tively short distances characteristic of interiors. Indoor particles range in size
from nanometers to millimeters. This provides us with interesting challenges, be-
cause at one extreme diffusion and coagulation are important, while at the other
gravitational settling isso rapid that concentration seems an evanescent concept.
Wealsohavetoreflectonhowindoordust haschangedovertime.Ourinteriors
no longer contain ash from fires, and cigarette smoke has become less common.
VI Foreword
Nevertheless, novel compounds in indoor air result in greater complexity. Some of
this change reflects new materials used indoors or different outdoor pollutants,
but there are also changes in our social habits. Our cooking isdifferent, the range
of cosmetics much altered, and we retain a continued enthusiasm for the restora-
tion of old houses. Thus, safrole and capsaicin, or talc and nitro-musks, or even
woodandpaintfragmentswithleadandpentachlorophenolcanbefoundinthedo-
mestic environment.
The heterogeneity of indoor air pollution and the complexity of the problems
mean that its management is far from easy. It is clear from this book that inter-
disciplinary work is now more common among scientists. However, using this re-
search to develop policy is more difficult. It requires cooperation between a num-
ber of regulatory agencies, which is not always easy when government depart-
ments often have such conflicting interests and demands. Improving indoor air
quality isfurther hamperedby theneedtoconfront privatespaces,such that regu-
lation appears to create more encroachments on our liberty. Nonetheless, this
book reminds us that the desire for a healthier indoor environment is entirely ap-
propriate. The science is maturing, so it is the management of the broadest as-
pectsofindoor air that will provide uswith the greatest challenge for the future.
April 2003 Peter Brimblecombe
School of Environmental Sciences
University of East Anglia
Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
VII
Preface
In daily life the terms ‘particles’ and ‘dust’ are used in manifold ways. Expressions
like house dust, gold dust, cosmic dust, and particle board are part of everyone’s
vocabulary. In poetry and prose, dust is often romanticized, for example, in the
novel ‘The Stars Like Dust’ by the Russian-American writer Isaac Asimov and in
the song ‘Dust’ by Steve Winwood. In contrast, a more critical view is expressed
by the Australian pop-group Midnight Oil. In their song ‘Warakurna’ they declare
“...diesel and dust is what we breathe...”, which reflects contemporary public
opinion. With increasing ecological awareness in the 20th century, the terms ‘par-
ticles’ and ‘dust’ became associated with exhaust, soot, pollution, exposure and en-
vironmental disease. This perception arose from the results of systematic studies
of particulate matter carried out in ambient air, i.e. Aerosol Research. This research
started after World War II and was triggered by incidents like the London Smog
of 1952.
The need for particle measurement in the indoor environment became evident
after 1975, when indoor scientists faced the problem of asbestos. Later, research
was extended to other types of fibers and particulate matter like PM and PM .
2.5 10
Recently, it was found that ultrafine particles are also associated with adverse
health effects in humans. Epidemiological studies will therefore be a substantial
part of futureparticle research activities.
Since 1990, the analysis of organic compounds adsorbed on settled dust has
been recognized as a valuable tool for estimating indoor pollution. Airborne parti-
cles and settled dust are generated from a variety of natural and anthropogenic
sources, both indoors and outdoors, and therefore vary considerably in size and
nature. Human health risks resulting from indoor exposure can be linked to the
physical properties of particles, as is the case with asbestos and manmade miner-
al fibers. In addition, most particles found in living spaces contain chemical com-
pounds and biological components that may affect human health through inhala-
tion, ingestion or skin contact. The need for reliable assessment of human expo-
sure to particles is increasingly attracting attention, as is evidenced by the grow-
ing number of publications on particulate matter and dust analysis in the indoor
environment. Reasonable studies, however, require a detailed understanding of
the physical, chemical, and biological properties of aerosols and the availability of
relevant measurement techniques.
VIII Preface
In the field of aerosol research some excellent literature is available, covering
theory, measurement, and practice. We felt the need, however, for a comprehen-
sive book, which is especially designed for indoor scientists and attends all rele-
vant topics. For this we combined our research interests in aerosol physics and
dust analysis.
Chapter 1 of this book covers the topics of the fundamentals of airborne parti-
clesand settled dust in the indoor environment, relevant definitionsand terminol-
ogy, characteristics and sources. Chapter 2 discusses sampling techniques and in-
strumentation. Special topics, such as adsorption, indoor chemistry, asbestos, fi-
bers, environmental tobacco smoke, motor vehicle emissions, and the indoor/out-
door relationship are treated in Chapter 3. Finally, Chapter 4 deals with exposure
and risk assessment as well as methodsfor control.
The book is addressed to the scientists – including chemists, physicists, and
biologists; postgraduate students; medical practitioners; occupational health pro-
fessionals; building owners and managers; building, construction, and air-condi-
tioning engineers; architects; environmental lawyers; government and regulatory
professionals.
Wewishtothankallcolleaguesandfriendswhoprovidedinputtothisbookwith
interest, expertise, time, and effort. The individual authors, who did this work in
addition to their daily duties, deserve special appreciation for providing state-of-
the-art contributions. We also thank the external reviewers of the individual book
chapters, whose constructive comments were invaluable in improving the quality
of the material presented. Our thanks go to the following colleagues who acted as
external reviewers:
David Ensor, USA
Galina Gramotnev, Australia
Roy M. Harrison, UK
Matti Jantunen, Finland
Patricia B. Keady, USA
Wolfgang Koch, Germany
Christian Monn, Switzerland
JamesRepace, USA
Gerhard Volland, Germany
Lance Wallace, USA
Michael Wensing, Germany
ThesupportofSteffenPauly,WaltraudWüst,andClaudiaGrösslfromWiley-VCHis
gratefullyacknowledged.WethankNarelleLarneyandAlinaMorawskawhooffered
muchappreciatedhelpineditingofanumberofthebookchapters.Finally,Tungais
gratefultotheGermanFederalMinistryofEducationandResearchfortravelgrantsto
QUT,Brisbane,providedthroughtheGermanAerospaceCenter(ProjectAUS01/002).
Lidia Morawska Tunga Salthammer
Brisbane, Australia Braunschweig, Germany
IX
Contents
Foreword V
Preface VII
ListofContributors XI
ListofSymbolsandAbbreviations XV
Part1 Fundamentals 1
1.1 Fundamentalsof Indoor Particlesand Settled Dust 3
L. Morawska and T. Salthammer
Part2 SamplingandMeasurement 47
2.1 Introduction toSamplingandMeasurement Techniques 49
L.MorawskaandT.Salthammer
2.2 Measurement of AirborneParticles 56
A.Schmidt-OttandZ.D.Ristovski
2.3 Sampling of Surface Dust in Buildings 82
T.Schneider
2.4 Analysis of Chemical and Biological Properties 105
K.A.BéruBé,R.J.Richards,T.Jones,T.Moreno,
S.Thomas,andA.Nevalainen