Indoor Air Pollution

190 Pages·2018·3.76 MB·English

by  Peter Pluschke

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 64
Series Editors: Damià Barceló · Andrey G. Kostianoy
Peter Pluschke
Hans Schleibinger E ditors
Indoor Air
Pollution
Second Edition
The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry
Founded by Otto Hutzinger
(cid:1)
Editors-in-Chief: Damia Barcelo´ (cid:129) Andrey G. Kostianoy
Volume 64
Advisory Board:
Jacob de Boer, Philippe Garrigues, Ji-Dong Gu,
Kevin C. Jones, Thomas P. Knepper, Alice Newton,
Donald L. Sparks
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/698
Indoor Air Pollution
Volume Editors: Peter Pluschke (cid:1) Hans Schleibinger
With contributions by
G.A. Ayoko (cid:1) K. Balakrishnan (cid:1) C-G. Bornehag (cid:1) X. Fan (cid:1) S. Ghosh (cid:1)
J. Hao (cid:1) C. He (cid:1) P. Johnson (cid:1) L. Morawska (cid:1) K. Mukhopadhyay (cid:1)
P. Ramaswamy (cid:1) T. Salthammer (cid:1) S. Sankar (cid:1) V. Thanasekaraan (cid:1)
G. Thangavel (cid:1) H. Wang (cid:1) T. Zhu
Second Edition
Editors
Peter Pluschke HansSchleibinger
CityofNuremberg NationalResearchCouncilCanada
DepartmentofEnvironmentand Ottawa,ON,Canada
Health
Nürnberg,Germany
ISSN1867-979X ISSN1616-864X (electronic)
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry
ISBN978-3-662-56063-1 ISBN978-3-662-56065-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56065-5
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017961617
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Editors-in-Chief
Prof. Dr. Dami(cid:1)a Barcelo´ Prof. Dr. Andrey G. Kostianoy
DepartmentofEnvironmentalChemistry P.P.ShirshovInstituteofOceanology
IDAEA-CSIC RussianAcademyofSciences
C/JordiGirona18–26 36,NakhimovskyPr.
08034Barcelona,Spain 117997Moscow,Russia
and [email protected]
CatalanInstituteforWaterResearch(ICRA)
H20Building
ScientificandTechnologicalParkofthe
UniversityofGirona
EmiliGrahit,101
17003Girona,Spain
[email protected]
Advisory Board
Prof. Dr. Jacob de Boer
IVM, VrijeUniversiteit Amsterdam,The Netherlands
Prof. Dr. Philippe Garrigues
Universityof Bordeaux,France
Prof. Dr. Ji-Dong Gu
The Universityof HongKong,China
Prof. Dr. Kevin C. Jones
Universityof Lancaster, UnitedKingdom
Prof. Dr. Thomas P. Knepper
Universityof AppliedScience, Fresenius,Idstein, Germany
Prof. Dr. Alice Newton
Universityof Algarve, Faro,Portugal
Prof. Dr. Donald L. Sparks
Plant and SoilSciences, Universityof Delaware, USA
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Aims and Scope
Since 1980, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry has provided sound
and solid knowledge about environmental topics from a chemical perspective.
Presenting a wide spectrum of viewpoints and approaches, the series now covers
topics such as local and global changes of natural environment and climate;
anthropogenicimpactontheenvironment;water,airandsoilpollution;remediation
and waste characterization; environmental contaminants; biogeochemistry; geo-
ecology;chemicalreactionsandprocesses;chemicalandbiologicaltransformations
as well as physical transport of chemicals in the environment; or environmental
modeling. A particular focus of the series lies on methodological advances in
environmentalanalyticalchemistry.
vii
Series Preface
Withremarkablevision,Prof. OttoHutzingerinitiatedTheHandbook ofEnviron-
mentalChemistry in1980andbecamethe foundingEditor-in-Chief.Atthattime,
environmental chemistry was an emerging field, aiming at a complete description
of the Earth’s environment, encompassing the physical, chemical, biological, and
geologicaltransformationsofchemicalsubstancesoccurringonalocalaswellasa
global scale. Environmental chemistry was intended to provide an account of the
impact of man’s activities on the natural environment by describing observed
changes.
Whileaconsiderableamountofknowledgehasbeenaccumulatedoverthelast
three decades, as reflected in the more than 70 volumes of The Handbook of
Environmental Chemistry, there are still many scientific and policy challenges
ahead due to the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of the field. The series
will therefore continue to provide compilations of current knowledge. Contribu-
tions are written by leading experts with practical experience in their fields. The
Handbook of Environmental Chemistry grows with the increases in our scientific
understanding, and provides a valuable source not only for scientists but also for
environmental managers and decision-makers. Today, the series covers a broad
rangeofenvironmentaltopicsfromachemicalperspective,includingmethodolog-
icaladvancesinenvironmentalanalyticalchemistry.
Inrecentyears,therehasbeenagrowingtendencytoincludesubjectmatterof
societal relevance in the broad view of environmental chemistry. Topics include
life cycle analysis, environmental management, sustainable development, and
socio-economic, legal and even political problems, among others. While these
topics are of great importance for the development and acceptance of The Hand-
bookofEnvironmentalChemistry,thepublisherandEditors-in-Chiefhavedecided
tokeepthehandbookessentiallyasourceofinformationon“hardsciences”witha
particular emphasis on chemistry, but also covering biology, geology, hydrology
andengineeringasappliedtoenvironmentalsciences.
Thevolumesoftheseriesarewrittenatanadvancedlevel,addressingtheneeds
ofbothresearchersandgraduatestudents,aswellasofpeopleoutsidethefieldof
ix
x SeriesPreface
“pure” chemistry, including those in industry, business, government, research
establishments, and public interest groups. It would be very satisfying to see
these volumes used as a basis for graduate courses in environmental chemistry.
Withitshighstandardsofscientificqualityandclarity,TheHandbookofEnviron-
mental Chemistry provides a solid basis from which scientists can share their
knowledge on the different aspects of environmental problems, presenting a wide
spectrumofviewpointsandapproaches.
TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistryisavailablebothinprintandonline
via www.springerlink.com/content/110354/. Articles are published online as soon
as they have been approved for publication. Authors, Volume Editors and
Editorsin-Chief are rewarded by the broad acceptance of The Handbook of Envi-
ronmentalChemistrybythescientificcommunity,fromwhomsuggestionsfornew
topicstotheEditors-in-Chiefarealwaysverywelcome.
Dami(cid:1)aBarcelo´
AndreyG.Kostianoy
Editors-in-Chief
Preface
Intheyear1751JohnArbuthnotpublished“AnEssayconcerningtheEffectsofAir
on Human Bodies” [1] and gave a comprehensive review of the scientific state of
theartofhistime.Hesummarizedhisknowledgeandhisfindingsinanumberof
“PracticalAphorisms”suchas“PrivateHousesoughttobeperflatedonceaDay,by
opening Doors and Windows, to blow off the Animal Steams” and a second
example “Houses for the sake of Warmth fenc’d from Wind, and where the
Carpenters Work is so nice as to exclude all outward Air, are not the most
wholsom.”
His thoughts are still valid and his treaty is still valuable – not in all details.
Building technologies and practices have changed much and Indoor Science
becameaverybroad,inter-disciplinaryfieldofknowledge.
Goingthroughtheagendaofinternationalconferencesonindoorairandrecent
publications,therearestillanumberoftopics,whichhavebeendiscussedalready
in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, such as moisture and dampness [2],
mouldandbacteria[3],andbadodoursandcarbondioxide[4].
Relatively early research on hygienic conditions in urban dwellings and estab-
lishments by Pettenkofer and others in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
covered some of still today relevant topics in indoor air quality. Pettenkofer
developed some basic principles. From a hygienic point of view he analysed the
indoor living conditions and came to the conclusion that science could contribute
significantlyinimprovingeverydaylifebydefiningrulesforindoorenvironmental
qualityandhealth.
He revealed [5–8] that human emissions and activities must be taken into
considerationand
– Hedevelopedaconceptforchamberstudiesofindooremissionsources[6].He
summarized:“substanceswhichpassofffromtheskinandlungsrequireasclose
aninvestigationasthosethatareeliminatedbytheurine.Hithertonomethodhas
been devised, or apparatus constructed, adequate to the conditions of such an
inquiry. ... The present state of physiology requires conditions of inquiry in
whichamancanbreatheandmovefreelywithoutanyapparatusattachedtohis
xi