Indonesian Pluralities: Islam, Citizenship, and Democracy (Contending Modernities) PDF
Preview Indonesian Pluralities: Islam, Citizenship, and Democracy (Contending Modernities)
Indonesian Pluralities C O N T E N D I N G M O D E R N I T I E S Series editors: Ebrahim Moosa, Atalia Omer, and Scott Appleby As a collaboration between the Contending Modernities initiative and the University of Notre Dame Press, the Contending Modernities series seeks, through publications engaging multiple disciplines, to generate new knowl- edge and greater understanding of the ways in which religious traditions and secular actors encounter and engage each other in the modern world. Books in this series may include monographs, co-authored volumes, and tightly themed edited collections. The series will include works that frame such encounters through the lens of “modernity.” The range of themes treated in the series might include war, peace, human rights, nationalism, refugees and migrants, development practice, pluralism, religious literacy, political theology, ethics, multi- and in- tercultural dynamics, sexual politics, gender justice, and postcolonial and de- colonial studies. Indonesian Pluralities Islam, Citizenship, and Democracy Edited by RO B E RT W. H E F N E R and Z A I NA L A B I D I N B AG I R UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME PRESS NOTRE DAME, INDIANA University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 undpress.nd.edu Copyright © 2021 by the University of Notre Dame All Rights Reserved Published in the United States of America Library of Congress Control Number: 2020947032 ISBN: 978-0-268-10861-8 (Hardback) ISBN: 978-0-268-10862-5 (Paperback) ISBN: 978-0-268-10864-9 (WebPDF) ISBN: 978-0-268-10863-2 (Epub) This e-Book was converted from the original source file by a third-party vendor. Readers who notice any formatting, textual, or readability issues are encouraged to contact the publisher at [email protected] C O N T E N T S Acknowledgments vii O N E The Politics and Ethics of Social Recognition and Citizenship in a Muslim-Majority Democracy (cid:129) Robert W. Hefner 1 T W O Scaling Plural Coexistence in Manado: What Does It Take to Remain Brothers? (cid:129) Erica M. Larson 37 T H R E E Reimagining Tradition and Forgetting Plurality: Religion, Tourism, and Cultural Belonging in the Banda Islands, Maluku (cid:129) Kelli Swazey 75 F O U R Scaling against Pluralism: Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia and Islamist Opposition to Pancasila Citizenship (cid:129) Mohammad Iqbal Ahnaf 113 F I V E “Enough Is Enough”: Scaling Up Peace in Postconflict Ambon (cid:129) Marthen Tahun 139 vi Contents S I X Gender Contention and Social Recognition in Muslim Women’s Organizations in Yogyakarta (cid:129) Alimatul Qibtiyah 169 S E V E N Religion, Democracy, and Citizenship, Twenty Years after Reformasi (cid:129) Zainal Abidin Bagir 195 Works Cited 227 Contributors 257 Index 259 A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S The present book has a long but happy history. Its core aspiration ori - ginated in discussions that began a decade ago under the leadership of R. Scott Appleby, in the course of preparations for his multidimensional project “Contending Modernities: Catholics, Muslims, and Secularists in the Late Modern World.” In those years the project was organized out of the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame. One of the editors of the present book, Bob Hefner, participated in some of the project’s founding meetings and along the way met some of the scholars who went on to play leadership roles in the larger CM pro- gram: Ebrahim Moosa, Atalia Omer, and Mun’im Sirry among them. Although Hefner had earlier been involved in one of the CM proj- ects, “Catholics, Muslims, and the New Plurality in Western Europe and North America,” in 2014-15, Scott, Ebrahim, and Mun’im resolved to open another front in the CM’s multiple projects, this one focused on aspects of religion and plurality in Indonesia and Africa. Scott subsequently invited the editors of the present book, Zainal Abidin Bagir and Bob Hefner, to submit a proposal for a project, which we did in 2015. The project was en- titled “Scaling-Up Pluralism: Local-National Collaborations for Civic Co- e xistence in Contemporary Indonesia.” The book is the product of the col- laborative research project carried out from late 2015 to late 2017. Both of the editors for this book have benefited enormously from the generosity, collegiality, and intellectual counsel of Scott, Ebrahim, Mun’im, and Atalia. We cannot thank them sufficiently for their kindness and sup- port, or for the intellectual vision they have shown in the Contending Modernities project as a whole. We also thank Dr. Toby A. Volkman, direc- tor of the Religion and World Affairs program at the Henry Luce Founda- tion, for her and the Foundation’s generous support of our research and vii viii Acknowledgments the filmmaking sequel to the original field research. Six films based in part on some of the field sites described in this book are currently being produced and will be available for university and general distribution in late 2020. Zainal Abidin Bagir and Bob Hefner visited all of the field sites sev- eral times over the course of the research and were the recipients of great kindness on the part of many local hosts. Although there are far too many individuals to mention in person, we want at the least to give special thanks to Margaretha Hendriks, Jacky Manuputty, Yance Rumahru, Hasbollah Toi suta, and Abidin Wakono. We also thank our American and Indonesian research partners in the project and the present book. All our colleagues in the research team took time away from their families and careers in Indo- nesia and the United States to cooperate in this multidisciplinary endeavor. We also thank our friends and colleagues at our respective in stitutes: Pak Zainal at the Center for Religious and Cross-Cultural Studies at the Gradu- ate School of Gadjah Mada University and Bob Hefner at the Pardee School of Global Affairs at Boston University. Last but not least, we dedicate the volume to the memory of the great Indonesian public intellectual Nurcholish Madjid (1939–2005), who in the 1990s was Bob’s teacher and friend in things Indonesian. Cak Nur, as he was known, remains an intellectual and ethical exemplar for all who care about religion and pluralist recognition in the unfinished but great project that is the nation of Indonesia. Bob Hefner and Zainal Abidin Bagir O N E The Politics and Ethics of Social Recognition and Citizenship in a Muslim-Majority Democracy ROBERT W. HEFNER The question of how to live together in a religiously plural society is much in the air these days, and for good reason. In Western democracies, the con- fluence of mass immigration, ISIS/Daesh terrorism, and alt-right popu - lisms has shaken public confidence in once widely held assumptions as to civility and citizenship in a context of deep social difference (Mouffe 2005). Calls heard in the 1990s for some variety of multicultural citizenship have long since given way to demands for the exclusion of new immigrants and the coercive assimilation of those long arrived, not least if they happen to be Muslim (Joppke 2017; Modood 2007). What is arguably a crisis of confidence in pluralist recognition and citi - zenship in the West is paralleled by an even greater sense of alarm in the Muslim-majority world, and nowhere more anxiously than in the Arab Middle East. By early 2013, the hopeful dreams of the 2011 “Arab Spring” had given way to the somber realization that in all but one of the Arab Muslim nations, Tunisia (Zeghal 2016), progress toward pluralist democ- racy had not merely stalled but ended. Political observers spoke with good 1
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