Individual Rights in EU Law

392 Pages·2016·3.709 MB·English

by  Bjarte Thorson (auth.)

Bjarte Thorson
Individual
Rights in
EU Law
Individual Rights in EU Law
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Bjarte Thorson
Individual Rights in EU Law
BjarteThorson
DepartmentofPrivateLaw
UniversityofOslo
Oslo,Norway
ISBN978-3-319-32770-9 ISBN978-3-319-32771-6 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-32771-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016940050
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016
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Preface
This book is based on research during my time as a postdoctoral fellow at the
DepartmentofPrivateLawattheUniversityofOslo(2012–2016).
Ithank theUniversityofOslo forthe scholarship andforthe pleasant working
conditions at the Department of Private Law. As to all colleagues—practitioners
andacademics—aroundEuropewithwhomIhavehadthechancetodiscusstopics
coveredinthebook,aparticularthankyougoestoHildeK.EllingsenattheCentre
ofEuropeanLawattheScandinavianInstituteofMaritimeLaw,whotooktheextra
timetoreadpartsofthemanuscriptinitsfinalstages.KatherineLlorcahasdonean
excellent job on proofreading and the team at Springer, headed by Dr. Brigitte
Reschke,hasbeenapleasuretoworkwithinthepublicationprocess.
[email protected].
Paris,France BjarteThorson
February2016
v
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Contents
PartI Introduction
1 TheTopic‘IndividualRightsinEuropeanUnionLaw’. . . . . . . . . 3
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 IndividualRightsinEULaw:GeneralSub-TopicsandIssues. . . . 9
2.1 Rights,RemediesandProcedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.1 RightsandRemedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.2 ProceduralAutonomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 JudicialProtection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.1 TheRoleofNationalLawsandProcedures. . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.2 ARightinItsOwnRight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 ReconcilingProtectionandEffectiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.1 Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.2 ApplicableTest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.3 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.4 ReparationandSanctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4 IndividualRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3 AStudyoftheNotionofEULawRights:PlanandMethodology. . . 31
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4 GenesisoftheEuropeanUnionLawRight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
PartII RightsandTheirApplication
5 Overview:Implementation,InterpretationandApplicationofRules
thatGrantIndividualRights. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. 43
6 NationalImplementationofDirectivesthatEntailtheGrantof
IndividualRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
vii
viii Contents
6.1 ClearandBindingProvisionsofNationalLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.2 InappropriateImplementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.3 RightsintheImplementationContext. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
7 InterpretationofProvisionsthatGrantIndividualRights. . . . . . . 59
7.1 ContextualInterpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
7.2 ConsistentInterpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7.3 ExtensiveInterpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7.4 InterpretiveCompetence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
8 ApplicationofNormsthatGrantRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.1 RightsandDirectEffect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
8.2 RightsandExOfficioApplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
8.2.1 TheCourtofJusticeontheExOfficioIssue. . . . . . . . 73
8.2.2 RightsandtheExOfficioIssue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
9 SummaryofPartTwo:Implementation,Interpretationand
ApplicationofNormsthatGrantRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
PartIII RightsandTheirProtection
10 Overview:JudicialProtectionofIndividualRights. . . . . . . . . . . . 85
10.1 RightsandRemedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
10.1.1 ChronologyofRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
10.1.2 DeterrenceandReparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
10.1.3 ObjectiveLawandSubjectiveRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
10.2 Remedies’EffectsonRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
10.2.1 EffectsoftheRulesonRemedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
10.2.2 EffectsofObtainedRemedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
11 PrimaryRemedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
11.1 DeclaratoryRemedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
11.1.1 JudicialReviewbytheEuropeanUnionCourts. . . . . . 93
11.1.2 JudicialReviewbytheMemberStates’Courts. . . . . . 110
11.1.3 InvalidityandNullityofIndividuals’Obligations. . . . 127
11.2 CoerciveRemedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
11.2.1 ComparativeNotesonInjunctions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
11.2.2 EuropeanUnionSecondaryLegislation. . . . . . . . . . . . 138
11.2.3 CompetencesoftheEuropeanUnionCourts. . . . . . . . 139
11.2.4 OrderstoPreventorCorrectWrongs. . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
11.2.5 OrderstoFulfilorRestoreRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
11.3 InterimMeasures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
11.3.1 TheRighttoSeekandthePowertoGrant. . . . . . . . . . 147
Contents ix
11.3.2 InterimReliefBeforetheEuropeanUnionCourts. . . . 148
11.3.3 InterimReliefBeforetheNationalCourts. . . . . . . . . . 149
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
12 SecondaryRightsandRemedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
12.1 Restitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
12.2 Remuneration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
12.3 Disgorgement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
12.4 CompensationandReparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
12.4.1 Overview. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 161
12.4.2 EuropeanUnionLiability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
12.4.3 MemberStateLiability. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. 172
12.4.4 CivilLiability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
13 SummaryofPartThree:RightsandRemedies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
PartIV RightsandTheirScope
14 Overview:ConferralofEULawIndividualRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
15 SourcesofRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
15.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
15.2 PrimaryandSecondaryLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
15.3 TheCharter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
15.3.1 ScopeofApplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
15.3.2 ‘Rights’v‘Principles’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
15.4 GeneralPrinciples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
15.4.1 LegitimateExpectations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
15.4.2 Non-discrimination/Equality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
15.4.3 UnjustEnrichment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
15.4.4 DutyofDiligenceandGoodFaith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
15.5 Ascertainability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
15.5.1 ContentDerivablefromtheLegalBasisoftheRight. . . 215
15.5.2 Discretion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
16 DeterminationofIndividualRights. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
16.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
16.2 Wording,RightsandDuties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
16.2.1 ExpressRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
16.2.2 ReflexesofDuties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
16.2.3 RightsaContrario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
16.3 Intentions,RightsandInterests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
16.3.1 TheInterpretiveAim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
16.3.2 AlternativeAimsinNationalLegalSystems. . . . . . . . 234