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. Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] . 1 M.A. Part - I History Paper - II (Option - E) Indian National Movement (1857 A.D to 1947 A.D.) Objectives : To enable students to understand the factors leading to the rise of Nationalism. To enable students to understand Gandhiji, his movements andmovements of other organizations and tounderstandthe constitutionaldevelopmentandtheriseofnewforces. Modules 1. HistoriographyoftheIndianNationalMovement a) Nationalist,MarxistandSubalternSchools b) CambridgeSchool c) Revoltof1857 2. RiseofSocio-Political Consciousness a) Growth of Western Education and its impact on Socio Religious Movement b) BritishEconomicPoliciesandtheirImpacts c) The founding of Indian National Congress, its Policies and Programme 3. GrowthofNationalism a) GandhijiandhisMovements b) AllIndiaMuslimLeague c) HinduMahasabhaandRashtriyaSwayamsevakSangh . Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] . 2 4. TowardsIndependence a) Constitutional Developments b) Indian National Army, Naval Mutiny of 1946, Freedom and Partition c) TheDepressedClassesandWomenasNewForces Bibliography:  K. Majumdar, Advent of Independence, Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai,1969.  R. Desai, Social Background of Indian Nationalism, 5th edition. PopularPrakashan, Mumbai, 1976.  Anil Seal, The Emergence of Indian Nationalism : Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century, Cambridge University Press,1971.  Arvind Ganachari, Nationalism and Social Reform in a Colonial Situation,KalpazPublicationNewDelhi,2005.  R. Nanda (ed), Gokhale : The Indian Moderates and the British Raj, PrincetonUniversityPress,NewJerssy, 1977.  Bimal Malhotra, Reform Reaction and nationalism, in Western India, 1855-190,HimalayaPublishingHouse,2000.  Bipin Chandra, The Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism, in Western India, Economic Policies of the Indian National Leadership, 1850-1905PeoplesPublishingHouse, NewDelhi,1977.  Bose, Nemai, Sadhan, Indian Natioanl Movement on Outline, Firma KL,Mukhopadhyay, 1974./  Chatterji Basudev, Trade, Tariffs and Empire : Lancashire and British PolicyinIndia1919-1939(OUP,Delhi,1972)  Chatterji Basudev, Towards Freedom; 1938 (ed.) Three volumes of documents on Indian politics, economy and society in 1938 with a General Introduction, Chapter introductions and notes (OUP / ICHR, 1999).  Chatterji Basudev, (General Editor, along with C.A. Bayly, Romila Thaper etal. of‘ThemesinIndianHistory’, aseries publishedbyOUP, Delhi.Overtenvolumeswerepublishedbetween1992and2001).  Charles Heimsath, Indian Nationalism and Hindu social reform, PrincetonUniversityPress,1964.  Daniel Argov, Moderates and Extremists in the Indian National Movement,NationalBookOrganizations, 1998.  GuptaD.C.IndianNationalMovement,VikasPublications,1970. . Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] . 3  Kumar Nirmal, Rajendra Prasad and the Indian Freedom Struggle 1917-1947, PatriotPublisher, 1991.  K.N. Pannikar (ed), National and Left Movement in India, Vikas PublishingHousePvt.Ltd.NewDelhi,1980.  M.M. Ahluwalia, Freedom StruggleinIndia,1858-1909,RanjitPrinters and Publishers, Delhi, 1968, Modern Historical Series, No. 3, by BisheveshwarPrasad.  P.N. Chopra, (ed), Role of Indian Muslims in the Struggle for Freedom,LifeandLifePublications,NewDelhi, 1979.  PatilV.T.(ed).StudiesonNehru,SterlingPublishers,1987.  Shukla V, Soviet Revolution and the Indian National Movement : PerceptionofIndianMedia, H.K.Publications,1989.  SumitSarkar,ModernIndia,MackmilanLtd.,NewDelhi,1983.  M. M.Ahluwalia, Freedom Struggle in India, 1858 to 1909, Delhi, Ranjit Printers andPublishers, 1968  Bipin Chandra, Nationalism and Colonialism in Modern India, New Delhi, Orient Longman Ltd., 1979.  Tara Chand, History of the Freedom Movement in India, Vols. I-IV, NewDelhi,Govt. of IndiaPublications Division, 1971-72  SankarGhose, The Renaissance to Militant Nationalism in India, AlliedPublishers, 1969  K. K. Ghosh, Indian NationalArmy, Meerut, Meenakshi Prakashan, 1969  S. Gopal, British Policy in India, 1858-1905, Cambridge, Cambridge UniversityPress, 1965  R. L. Handa, History of Freedom Struggle in Princely States Delhi, Central NewsAgency, 1968.  R. C. Majumdar,Three Phases of India’s Freedom Struggle, Bombay, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1961.  R.C. Majumdar(Ed.), History and Culture of the Indian People, Vols. IX, X, and XI,Bombay, BharatiyaVidya Bhavan, 1963-69  S. R.Mehrotra, The Emergence of the Indian National Congress, Delhi, VikasPublications, 1979  S. R.Mehrotra, Towards India’s Freedom and Partition, Vikas Publications, 1979  . Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] . 4 MODULE - I 1 HISTORIOGARAPHY OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT (A1) Nationalist School UNIT STRUCTURE 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 ContributoryFactors 1.3 The content of Nationalist Historiography: 1.4 Some Eminent Nationalist Historians 1.5 Summary 1.6 Broad Questions. 1.7 Additional Readings. 1.0 OBJECTIVES After the completion of studyof this unit the student will able to:-  Understandthe nationalist school of historiographyof the Indian National Movement.  Comprehend the contributory factors to the writing of historiography of the Indian National Movement.  Explain the searchfor national identity.  Grasp the imperialist attack on Indian cultureand civilization.  Know the content of the nationalist historiography.  Summarize the writings of someeminent nationalist historians. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Historiography means the history of historical writing or the art of writing history. It is the history of history. Historiography tells us the story of successive stages in the evolution of historical writings. It includes the evolution of the ideas and techniques associated with the writing of history and changing attitudes . Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] . 5 towards the nature of history itself. Eventually it includes the study of the development of man’s senses for the past. There are differences in the nature, quality and quantity of historical literature in different ages and different people. These differences represented the changes in social life, beliefs in society, the presence or absence of the sense of history. The pace of change is greater ever since the study of the past came increasingly under the influence of various ideas. Thus Historiography is trying to trace these changes through the centuries. Arthur Marwick says that history is the historian’s reconstruction of the past whereasthe historiography is neither only theory nor only practice but it is the real history of historical thoughts. History writing began due to the early compositions of the ancient Greeks and the Chinese which faced several difficulties and uncertainty due to absence of chronology and method of criticism even then this crude beginning of history writing has made a tremendous progress. It is pertinent to trace how the history writing of Indian National Movement came into existence. What were the problems and how they were solved, are surveyed in the foregoing description, analysis and a detail account them is given. Although the history of India is very old and rich, the Indian historiography is comparatively of recent origin. During the nineteenth century, emergence of new research papers, articles, addresses and monographs brought out new directions in research, which led to evolve the writing of Indian historiography, in which the nationalist school is one of the most important approaches. Roussean’s stress on feeling and passion and Herder’s doctrine of the ‘genius of nations’, of national culture and national character formed the philosophy of nationalism. Herder says that each national culture is a unique entity with its own inherent character. The national character is expressed in its language, literature, art and in its moral code, which determines the history of a people. Nationalism is a powerful sentiment, it is essentially spiritual in character and it is the will of the people to live together. This sentiment of unity is produced by the race of the community, Language, religion, geographic unity, common political aspirations and common historical development. The nation state is the normal form of political organisation inthe modern world. The nationalist historians used to invoke the spirit of nations past the most, they used to emphasis on people rather than the state, which transformed the exclusive idea of political history and embraced the material & spiritual development of man in society. The spirit of resurgent nationalism gave a story impetus to historical studies and supplied a powerful motive for historical investigation in so far as people endeavored to trace the roots of their national identity. For this reason the nineteenth century was the century of nationalism in Europe and the century of Great history writing of national movements. . Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] . 6 1.2 CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS: Following weresome of the contributoryfactors to the writing of historiography of Indian National Movement: 1.2.1 The Search for National Identity: Although India came under westernization, followed westerns life in dress, manners and customs but the educated Indians began to think to make Indians real Indian and not English. They never wanted the westerns civilization to displace the Indian civilization as Macaulay and the missionaries desired. They wanted only the West should revitalize the Indian culture as Raja Ram Mohan Roy emphasized the most. Hence these educated Indians began to reform their age old socio-religious scenario and rejuvenate their ancient culture. This trend began to create a sense of self reliance, self respect and self confidence among the Indians which was suppressed for a longer period. This self confidence bred the national consciousness on a large scale and aspired for freedom from the foreign rule. This national consciousness, however, was to be sustained and promoted by historical consciousness i.e. the knowledge of people’s past. BanKim Chandra Chatterjee says that in order to create a sense of unity, national pride and desire for freedom, there is a fundamental need to study and write history of the country. India being subject country for many centuries, its history is not described and interpreted by Indian historians. In his ‘Bibidha Prabandha’ Chatterjee says that there is no Hindu History, no one glorifies our noble qualities, if we do not loud them, then there will be no nationalism. The warlike prowess of Romans is found in the history of Roman people, the heroism of Greeks is found in the writing of Greek histories, the Mussalman velour in battles covered in the records of Muslims. But there is no such glorification of noble qualities of Indians because, there is no written evidence by the Indians on their own. When Bankim Chandra pointed out this deficiency thenthe several historians beganto address to the same deficiency with national spirit and ideology which gave birth to the nationalist school of Indian historiography. 1.2.2 Imperialist Attack On Indian Culture and Civilization: The imperial attack on the Indian culture and civilization is clearly seen in the books of James Mill. He in his history and the account of Hindu civilization wrote that Indians are rude and excelled in the qualities of slave. In the same way another British historian Vicent Smith in his account of Alexander is invasion on India tried to prove that Europeans were superior in warfare than Indians. He further says that the perennial political chaos in India, their inability to unite and rule themselves properly made the British rule absolutely permanent in India. Mountstuarst Elphinstance . Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] . 7 administrator turned historians mentions that the Indian foreign trade was conducted by Greeks andthe Arabs and the Arabs easily overrun India as Persia. The British historians often tried to underestimate the Indian culture and suggested the lowest possible dates for the Vedas and the great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Even they hinted that the Indians might have borrowed their culture from the Greeks but they did not give any evidence to prove it. The European historians mischievously professed that Indian drama, mathematics, philosophy and astronomy were derived from the Greek civilization and the most popular Krishna culture of India might have been developed from the Jesus Christ. The Christian missionaries highlighted deliberately the religious superstition, social abuses and the practice of Sati in Indian society where as they systematically ignored the burning of heretics, practice of slavery, and serfdom in the European societies. This led the Indian historians and philosophers to prepare themselves to defend the imperial attack on their culture and civilization which generated historical writings, came to be known as the nationalist school of Indian historiography. Check your Progress: 1. Explain brieflythe nationalist school of historiography. 1.3 THE CONTENT OF NATIONALIST HISTORIOGRAPHY: The Indian nationalist school of historiography came into existence in reaction of the prejudices of the British imperialist historiography against India. The Indian nationalist historiography aimed the most to search out the national identity in its quest and prove India the most nationalist state. The rising generation of Indian nationalist historians infested with the legitimate national pride, tried to vindicate their national culture against the unfounded changes of Europeans specially the British historians against Indian nation and nationalism. R.C.Majumdar says that the European historians misunderstood the several points of Indian national interest and misrepresented them everywhere in their writings. The Indian historians who so ever corrected them without conflicting . Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] . 8 with the scientific approach came to be known as the Indian nationalist historians. Apart from this they tried to represent the following in the proper and nationalistic perspective. 1. Religion and Society: The British historians attack onthe Indian religion and society was defended by the Indian reformers first in their reforms, they announced time to time. The Indian nationalist School and its historians like Rajnarain , Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Sasadhar Tarkachudasmani defended the Indian religion and society in their writings. Dayananda Sarswati, who amalgamated orthodoxy with libralism and defended Hinduism on the rational lines. He says that the religion and society mentioned in the Vedas is the pure form of Hinduism in which systems like caste and Sati were created in later period and not sectioned by the original faith. Consequently, woman began to enjoy very high status in the Hindu Society. Thus, this spirit helped the nationalist school of Indian historiography to develop considerably. 2. Material Culture: The archaeological researches carried out by Indian as well as European research scholars dispelled the inferiority of Indian culture and proved that it was far ahead than the European culture. Romesh Chandra Dutta is three volumes on the civilization in Ancient India excelled in it and brought out such relevant data to prove it. R.C.Majumdar, one of the Indian historians calls it as the first Indian national history. Ramesh Chandra Dutta assigned 1200B.C. the year of the compilation of the Rig Veda where as B.G.Tilak one of the Sanskrit scholars assigned 4000B.C. the year of composition on the basis of anstronomical data. R.K.Mukharjee’s book, A history of Indian Shipping and Maritime Activities proved that ancient India knew the art of building big ships and conducted maritime trade with various ancient civilizations. The researches proved that the ancient. Indians had achieved progress in science, technology even in firearm and the building of aeroplanes. The most important claim of the Indian historians is that the Aryans were originally from India itself and then they spread to various parts of European and other countries in the world. 3. Politics and Administration: The British historians tried to underestimate the political and administrative system in India at each and every step. They said that India had several sects and creeds. Therefore, it could not qualify to be a nation. But historian R.K.Mukharjee in his scholarly thesis, the ‘Fundamental Unity of India’ mention that religious unity, spiritual fellowship among the Hindus and their ideal of an all India empire formed the basis for Indian nationalism in the past. The demand of educated Indians for representative institutions and their share in the administration of the country clearly suggest the rise of . Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] . 9 nationalism among them. K.P.Jayaswal another historian in his ‘Hindu Polity’ demonstrated that a constitutional form of Government, address from the throne and the voting of grants existed during the period of Sixteen Mahajan Padas who were popularly called Ganarajayas of ancient India. Naturally, these ideals of politics and administration of ancient India boosted the nationalist school of Indian historiography for its manifestation and generatedthe Indian National Movement. 4. Military: The British historians underestimated the Indian military tactics and glorified their easy conquest of India. But the nationalist School of Indian historiography debunked it and brought to the notice the reality of the British, who used treacherous tactics in the Battle of plissey (1757) and bribed some people is their victory of Sikh wars. Indian military is popular for her prowess since the ancient period. Her tactical movements of war had spread every corner of the world and this was the reason that the army of Alexander never wanted to enter the territories of Nanda Empire. The stories of military skill of Maratha and Rajput rulers which nationalist school of Indian historiography spread everywhere. That led Indianstounite and generatenationalism. 5. Hatred of theBritish: The Indian historians of nationalist school created hatred against the unjust rule and politics of the British in Indian. Among such historians Dadabhai Naoroji, R.C.Dutt, B.D.Basu, R.C.Majumdar, V.D.Savarkar, S.B.Choudhary and many other were in forefront. Although all the British officials were against the Indians, Robert Clive, Warren Hastings, Wellesley, Dalhousie and Lord Macaulay were more imperialist and exploited the Indians the most and invited much more hatred of Indians. The Indian historians of nationalist school criticized the wanton education system of Macaulay. R.C.Majumdar brought the British policies before the bar of the world. His book titled ‘Clive the Forger’ created almost hatred against the treachery of Robert Clive. Thus, this helped the nationalist school of Indian historiography a lot and caused to develope nationalism though out the country. 6. Reinterpretation of Indian History: To counter the attack of British on India, the Indian historians began to reinterpret their history and infuse nationalism though out the country. V.D.Savarkar reinterpreted the history of the uprising of 1857 and called it the first war of Indian independence. S.B.Choudhary‘s ‘Civil Rebellion in the Indian Military 1857-1859 ’, characterized the uprising of 1857 as the national war of independence. In order to counter the British propaganda the Hindu-Muslim differences was a major hurdle in granting the dominion status to India, the nationalist Indian . Sri Satguru Jagjit Singh Ji eLibrary [email protected] .