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IAS MENTOR SMART NOTES by SAHBAN ALI F-11 1STFLOOR, USMAN COMPLEX, BATLA HOUSE CHOWK,JAMIA NAGAR OKHLA M: +919910410042, +918588058088, +919555615771 SMART NOTES By SAHBAN ALI (INDIAN HISTORY & CULTURE) IAS MENTOR is education center for Academic & Competitive examination. IAS MENTOR offers IAS/PCS Exam preparation classes. Mission To bring Socio-Economic justice through most powerful weapon ‘EDUCATION’ Description IAS MENTOR is an education center founded by Mr. SAHBAN ALI, Advocate, Founding Member & Ex. Director of Education360.Pvt .Ltd, one of the best teacher & mentor for CIVIL SERVICES EXAMS- I.A.S./P.C.S. Address: F-11 Usman Complex, Batla House Chowk, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi Contact No.: 09910410042, 08588058088 www.iasmentor.weebly.com IAS MENTOR SMART NOTES by SAHBAN ALI OUR BEST FACULTIES& ASSOCIATES SAHBAN ALI B.Sc(RamjasDU) LL.B.(CLC,DU) Cleared many Exams conducted by UPSC, SSC, RBI & others Banking Exams etc Cleared IAS pre. Mains. 99%tile in CAT Teaching experience of 10year With Education360, Delhi Philomaths academy, Krishna Institute.(Mukherjee Nagar ). SUBHAN ALI B.Tech(Civil) JMI Selected in RRB as Senior Section Engineer District topper in 12th& 10th CBSE Young scientist award by national science 2ND Rank in talent search exam. Teaching Experience 4 years. Lokesh Swami Bsc(botany)hansraj college MA Philosophy Assistant commamdent in BSF Cleared UPSC pre in 2012,2013,2014,Teaching experience 5years Harsh Pratap Singh B.Sc. Ramjas MBA from IIM kashipur Working with PSU Teachingexperience5years Our other Associates And Guest faculties Manish Kumar Raghuwanshi Civil judge LL.B (law faculty DU) Cleared PCS (judiciary) Appeared in IAS Interview Close friend and mentor of AkhandPratap Singh 10th ranker I as 2010 Sahil Seth Commissnor in custom Cleared IAS in 2011 Address: F-11 Usman Complex, Batla House Chowk, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi Contact No.: 09910410042, 08588058088 www.iasmentor.weebly.com IAS MENTOR SMART NOTES by SAHBAN ALI ANCIENT INDIA Indus Valley Civilization  Discovered in 1921  Belonged to the bronze age  An area of about 1.3 mn sq km  Existed between 3300-1600 BC in three phases: early, mature and late phases  Sites Early (pre-Harappan) Mature (Harappan) Late phase (post-urban) Harappa Mohenjodaro Chanhu-daro Lothal Kalibangan Kalibangan Banawali Banawali (Hissar) Sutkagendor (Pakistan) Sukotada (Gujarat) Dholavira (Kutch) Dholavira Dholavira Rakhigarhi (Ghaggar) Rakhigarhi Rakhigarhi Bhagwanpura Manda (Jammu); Chandigarh, Shangol (Punjab); Daulatpur, Mitthal (Haryana); Alamgirpur. Hulas (West UP) Site Remarkable Feature Sutkagendor – Surkotada Marked by a citadel Mohenjo-daro Great Bath; Large granary Impressive drainage system Piece of woven cotton Mother Goddess Seal of pashu-pati Kalibangan Grain and plough  Town planning o Grid system  The Indus people were the earliest to produce cotton Aryans Male dominated Pastoral Address: F-11 Usman Complex, Batla House Chowk, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi Contact No.: 09910410042, 08588058088 www.iasmentor.weebly.com IAS MENTOR SMART NOTES by SAHBAN ALI Horse was a significant animal Rig veda – Consists of 10 mandalas (books): Book 1 and 10 are relatively new Earliest specimen of Indo-European language: 2200 BC inscription in Iran. Later in the Hittite inscriptions in Anatolia 1500 BC came to India Sindhu is the river par excellence for them Saraswati is the best of the rivers in Rig Veda Panchajana – five tribes into which Aryans were divided Used ploughshare Land did not form a well-established type of private property Metal working was known Rajan – king Samiti, sabha, vidatha,gana – tribal assembly Jainism 24 tirthankaras. First: Rishab Dev 23rd: Parshavnath Mahavir (599 BC – 527 BC) or (540 BC – 468 BC) In Kundagrama near Vaishali Father – Siddartha (Jnatrika clan) Mother – Trishala (sister of Lichchhavi chief Chetaka) Died at Pavapuri near Rajgir Five doctrines: Do not – violence, steal, lie, acquire property and do observe brahmacharya Did not condemn the varna system Triratna: right knowledge, right faith, right action Address: F-11 Usman Complex, Batla House Chowk, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi Contact No.: 09910410042, 08588058088 www.iasmentor.weebly.com IAS MENTOR SMART NOTES by SAHBAN ALI Spread to Kalinga in first century BC. King Kharavela Used Prakrit language. Literature written in Ardhamagadhi Prepared the grammar of Apabhramsha Contributed to the growth of Kannada Buddhism 563 – 483 BC – Lumbini, Kapilavastu, Nepal. Shakya family. Suddhodan and Mahamaya Death: Kushinagar (Kasia in Deoria distt of UP) Eight-fold path (for end of misery) 1. Right observation 2. Right determination 3. Right speech 4. Right action 5. Right livelihood 6. Right exercise 7. Right memory 8. Right meditation Do not 1. Covet other’s property 2. Commit violence 3. Lie 4. Use intoxicants 5. Indulge in corrupt practices No god or atman exists Used Pali Main elements of Buddhism: Buddha, Sangha, Dhamma Brahamana ruler Pashyamitra Shunga persecuted the Buddhists Mihirakula (Huna king) killed Buddhists Buddhist text: Suttanipata Gandhara Art Address: F-11 Usman Complex, Batla House Chowk, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi Contact No.: 09910410042, 08588058088 www.iasmentor.weebly.com IAS MENTOR SMART NOTES by SAHBAN ALI First human statues worshipped Barabar hills: Caves for monks Territorial States Kingdoms and Capitals Kingdom Capital Kapilavastu Piprahwa Lichchhavis Vaishali Mahajanpadas Anga Champa Kashi Varanasi Koshala Shravasti Mallas Kushinara Vatsa/Vamsa Kaushambi Avanti Ujjain (North)/ Mahishamati (South) Magadha Rajgir (Girivraja) Chedi/Cheti Kuru Panchala Matsya Surasena Mathura Ashmaka Gandhara Kamboja Vriji/Vajji Mithila Satvanahanas Paithan Pandya Madurai Chola Puhar (kaveripattanam) Chalyukyas Badami (Bijapur) Pallavas Kanchi Kadambas Vijayanti Gangas Kolar First Magadhan Empire Dyansty Ruler Remark Haryanka Bimbisara Contemporary of Buddha Ajatsatru Udayin Built fort on the confluence of Ganga and Son at Patna Shishunagas - Destroyed the power of Avanti Nandas (most powerful rulers Mahapadma Nanda Address: F-11 Usman Complex, Batla House Chowk, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi Contact No.: 09910410042, 08588058088 www.iasmentor.weebly.com IAS MENTOR SMART NOTES by SAHBAN ALI of Magadha) Mauryas (Patliputra) Mauryas had a very elaborate Chandragupta Maurya Megasthenes visited during his bureaucracy time Bindusara Links with Greek princes Ashoka Buddhism Shunga Pushyamitra Shunga Destroyed the Mauryan empire. Killed Maurya king Brihadratha Balisadhaka – tax collectors during the times of Nandas Shaulkiki or shulkadhyakshas were also toll collectors Shakyas and Lichchhavis were republics Literature Book Author/Language Remark Digha Nikaya Pali Buddhist text North-West India Menander (Milinda) was the most famous Indo-Greek ruler.  His capital at Sakala (Sialkot)  Converted to Buddhism by Nagasena (Nagarjuna) Shakas  Succeeded the Greeks in North West  Rudradaman I : most famous ruler o He issued first ever long inscription in chaste Sanskrit Parthians  Followed Shakas  Famous king: Gondophernes o St. Thomas came during his reign Kushans Address: F-11 Usman Complex, Batla House Chowk, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi Contact No.: 09910410042, 08588058088 www.iasmentor.weebly.com IAS MENTOR SMART NOTES by SAHBAN ALI  Aka Yuechis or Tocharians  Kadphises was the first king  Kanishka is the most famous ruler o Started the Shaka era in 78 AD o Held the Buddhist council in Kashmir where the doctrines of Mahayana form were finalized o Patronized Ashvaghosa  Kushan inscriptions and coins found at Toprak Kala in Khorezm  Kushanas were the first rulers to issue gold coins on a large scale  Introduced the Satrap system of government  They controlled the Silk Route  Worshipped both Shiva and Buddha. Some worshipped Vishnu too.  Kanishka built a large number of Stupas Greek ambassador Heliodorus set up a piller in honor of Vasudeva near Vidisa. Appointed governors called strategos Deccan Satavahanas  Succeeded Mauryas in Deccan  Brahmana rulers  Gautamiputra Satkarni (AD 106-130)  Vashishthiputra Pulimayi: Capital at Paithan  Started the practice of granting tax-free villages to Brahmanas and Buddhist Monks  Yajna Sri Satakarni  Chaityas (Buddhist temples) and Viharas (monastaries) were constructed during their times o Most famous Chaitya at Karle in Deccan  Show trace of matrilineal social structure  Administration o Ahara – district o Officials – amatyas or mahamatras o Gaulmika – head of a small military regiment and look after administration in rural areas o Three grades of feudatories: raja, mahabhoja, senapati o Language: Prakrit South Pandya Address: F-11 Usman Complex, Batla House Chowk, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi Contact No.: 09910410042, 08588058088 www.iasmentor.weebly.com IAS MENTOR SMART NOTES by SAHBAN ALI  Sent embassies to the Roman emperor Augustus Chola  Elara conquered Sri Lanka  Karikala founded Puhar aka Kaveripatnam which was their capital Cheras  Kerala and parts of TN  Senguttavan is the greatest king  Roman influence: Muziris. Also built a temple of Augustus Vellalas – rich peasants Arasar – ruling class Pariyars – agricultural labourers Shrent – artisan guilds Chalukyas  Badami (Bijapur)  Pulakesin II was the important ruler  Court poet Ravikirti wrote his eulogy in the Aihole inscription Pallavas  They succeeded the Ikshvakus  Kanchipuram was their capital  Came in conflict with kadambas o Mayurasharman had founded the Kadamba kingdom (Capital: Vijayanti/Banavasi)  Nasrimhavarman occupied the Chalukya capital Vatapi in 642 AD o Assumed the title of Vatapikonda  Constructed a number of temples  Ratha temples at Mahabs built by Narsimhavarman who founded Mahabs  Pattadakal: Papanatha temple and Virupaksha temple  Kailashnath temple at Kanchi One of the major revolt in the south was the Kalabhras revolt. It was so widespread that it could be put down only through the joint efforts of the Pandyas, the Pallavas and the Chalukyas Three types of villages: Ur (commoners), Sabha (Brahmans), Nagaram (traders etc) Foreign Invasions Major events 326-325 BC Alexander’s invasion Address: F-11 Usman Complex, Batla House Chowk, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi Contact No.: 09910410042, 08588058088 www.iasmentor.weebly.com IAS MENTOR SMART NOTES by SAHBAN ALI Literature Book Author Mudrarakshasa (play) Vishakhadatta Indika Megasthenes Milind Panho Buddhist literature of questions of Manender to Nagarjuna Buddhacharita Ashvaghosha Saundarananda (Sanskrit kavya) Ashvaghosha Mahavastu (Buddhist-hybrid Sanskrit) Divyavandan (Buddhist-hybrid Sanskrit) Vatsyayana Kamsutra Charaka Charaksamhita Hala (Satavahana king) Gathasaptasatti (Prakrit book) Tolkkappiyam (deals with grammar and poetics) <Ilango Adigal? (silappadikaram)> Silappadikaram and Manimekalai are Tamil epics Pliny (Roman writer) Natural History (Latin) Shudraka Mrichchhakatika Kalidasa Abhijnanashakuntalam Amarasimha Amarakosha Romaka Sidhanta (Astronomy) Banabhatta Harshacharita Harshavardhana Priyadarshika; Ratnavali; and Nagananda (plays) Panini Astadhyayi Patanjali Mahabhashika A treatise on astronomy. Authorship disputed. Suryasiddhanta Varahmira (5th CE) Brihatsamhita Sushrut (2nd CE) Sushrutsamhita Charak (2nd CE) Charaksamhita Address: F-11 Usman Complex, Batla House Chowk, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, New Delhi Contact No.: 09910410042, 08588058088 www.iasmentor.weebly.com