Incorporation of Foundation Deformations in AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Process First Edition A product of the SHRP2 solution, Service Limit State Design for Bridges February 08, 2016 The second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) is a national partnership of key transportation organizations: the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and Transportation Research Board (TRB). Together, these partners are deploying products that will help the transportation community enhance the productivity, boost the efficiency, increase the safety, and improve the reliability of the nation’s highway system. This report is a work product of the SHRP2 Solution, Service Limit State Design for Bridges (R19B). The product leads are Matthew DeMarco at FHWA, [email protected], and Patricia Bush at AASHTO, [email protected]. This report was co‐authored by the subject matter experts, Dr. Naresh C. Samtani of NCS GeoResources, LLC, and Dr. John M. Kulicki of Modjeski and Masters, Inc., in consultation with Kelley Severns, National Bridge Project Manager, CH2M HILL. All rights reserved. Contents Chapter Page Definitions .............................................................................................................................. vii Chapter 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2. Bridge Foundation Types and Deformations ..................................................... 3 Chapter 3. Consideration of Foundation Deformations in AASHTO Bridge Design Specifications .................................................................................................... 5 3.1 AASHTO LRFD .......................................................................................................... 5 3.2 AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges (AASHTO, 2002) ................ 9 3.3 General Observations ........................................................................................... 10 Chapter 4. Effect of Foundation Deformations on Bridge Structures and Uncertainty ...... 11 Chapter 5. Tolerable Foundation Deformation Criteria .................................................... 15 5.1 Tolerable Vertical Deformation Criteria ............................................................... 15 5.2 Tolerable Horizontal Deformation Criteria ........................................................... 18 5.3 Perspective on Tolerable Deformations ............................................................... 18 Chapter 6. Construction‐Point Concept ............................................................................ 21 6.1 Vertical Deformation (Settlement) ....................................................................... 21 6.2 Horizontal Deformations ...................................................................................... 23 Chapter 7. Reliability of Predicted Foundation Deformations .......................................... 25 Chapter 8. Calibration Procedures ................................................................................... 27 8.1 Relevant AASHTO LRFD Articles for Foundation Deformations ........................... 27 8.2 Overarching Characteristics to Be Considered ..................................................... 28 8.2.1 Load‐Driven versus Non‐Load‐Driven Limit States ................................... 28 8.2.2 Reversible versus Irreversible Limit States ............................................... 28 8.2.3 Consequences of Exceeding Deformation‐Related Limit States and Target Reliability Indices ........................................................................... 29 8.3 Calculation Models ............................................................................................... 29 8.3.1 Incorporation of Load‐deformation (Q‐δ) Characteristics in AASHTO LRFD Framework ....................................................................................... 30 8.3.2 Consideration of Bias Factor in Calibration of Deformations ................... 33 8.3.3 Application of Q‐δ Curves in the AASHTO LRFD Framework .................... 34 8.3.4 Deterioration of Foundations and Wall Elements .................................... 36 iii 8.3.5 Determination of Load Factor for Deformations ...................................... 36 Chapter 9. Calibration Implementation ............................................................................ 39 9.1 General .................................................................................................................. 39 9.2 Steps for Calibration ............................................................................................. 41 9.2.1 Step 1: Formulate the Limit State Functions and Identify Basic Variables .................................................................................................... 41 9.2.2 Step 2: Identify and Select Representative Structural Types and Design Cases ......................................................................................................... 41 9.2.3 Step 3: Determine Load and Resistance Parameters fort the Selected Design Cases .............................................................................................. 41 9.2.4 Step 4: Develop Statistical Models for Load and Resistance .................... 41 9.2.5 Step 5: Apply the Reliability Analysis Procedure ...................................... 58 9.2.6 Step 6: Review the Results and Selection of Load Factor for Settlement, .......................................................................................... 62 SE 9.2.7 Step 7: Select Value of ......................................................................... 63 SE Chapter 10. Meaning and Effect of in Bridge Design Process ......................................... 65 SE Chapter 11. Incorporating Values of in AASHTO LRFD ................................................... 67 SE Chapter 12. The “S‐0” Concept .......................................................................................... 69 f 12.1 Foundations Proportioned for Equal Settlement ................................................. 73 Chapter 13. Flow Chart to Consider Foundation Deformations in Bridge Design Process ... 75 Chapter 14. Proposed Modifications to AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications .......... 79 Chapter 15. Application of Calibration Procedures ............................................................. 81 Chapter 16. Summary ........................................................................................................ 83 Chapter 17. References ...................................................................................................... 85 Appendices A Conventions B Application of Load Factor SE C Examples (Developed by AECOM) D Proposed Modifications to Section 3 of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications E Proposed Modifications to Section 10 of AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications iv List of Tables 5‐1 Tolerable Movement Criteria for Highway Bridges (AASHTO LRFD) 5‐2 Tolerable Movement Criteria for Highway Bridges (WSDOT, 2012) 8‐1 Summary of AASHTO LRFD Articles for Estimation of Vertical and Horizontal Deformation of Structural Foundations 9‐1 Basic Framework for Calibration of Deformations 9‐2 Data for Measured and Predicted (Calculated) Settlements Shown in Figure 9‐1 Based on Gifford, et al. (1987) 9‐3 Accuracy (X=S /S ) Values Based on Data Shown in Table 9‐2 P M 9‐4 Statistics of Accuracy, X, Values Based on Data Shown in Table 9‐3 9‐5 Correlated Statistics of Accuracy (X) for Lognormal PDFs 9‐6 Lognormal of Accuracy Values [ln(X)] Based on Data Shown in Table 9‐3 9‐7 Statistics of ln(X), Values Based on Data Shown in Table 9‐6 9‐8 Values of β and Corresponding P Based on Normally Distributed Data e 9‐9 Computed Values of for Various Methods to Estimate Immediate Settlement of SE Spread Footings on Cohesionless Soils 9‐10 Proposed Values of for Various Methods to Estimate Immediate Settlement of SE Spread Footings on Cohesionless Soils 9‐11 Target Reliability Index for Various Structural Limit States (Kulicki, et al., 2015) SE 11‐1 Load Factors for SE Loads List of Figures 2‐1 Illustration of major components of a bridge structure (Nielson, 2005) 2‐2 Geometry of a typical shallow foundation 2‐3 Common configurations of deep foundations, (a) group configuration, (b) single element configuration 3‐1 Table 3.4.1‐1 of AASHTO LRFD ‐ Load Combinations and Load Factors 3‐2 Table 3.4.1‐2 of AASHTO LRFD ‐ Load Factors for Permanent Load, P 3‐3 Table 3.4.1‐3 of AASHTO LRFD ‐ Load Factors for Permanent Loads Due to Superimposed Deformations, P 3‐4 Key to AASHTO LRFD Loads and Load Designations 4‐1 Idealized Vertical Deformation (Settlement) Patterns and Terminology 4‐2 Concept of total settlement, S, differential settlement, , and angular distortion, A , in d d bridges v 6‐1 Construction‐point concept for a bridge pier 6‐2 Factored Angular distortion in bridges based on construction‐point concept 8‐1 Basic AASHTO LRFD framework for loads and resistances 8‐2 Incorporation of Q‐δ mechanism into the basic AASHTO LRFD framework 8‐3 Significant points of interest on the mean Q‐δ curve 8‐4 Range and distribution along a Q‐δ curve 8‐5 Relationship of measured mean with theoretical prediction 8‐6 Relationship of deterministic value of tolerable deformation, δ , and a probability T distribution function for predicted deformation, δ P 8‐7 PEC for evaluation of load factor for a target probability of exceedance (P ) at the eT applicable SLS combination 9‐1 Comparison of measured and calculated (predicted) settlements based on service load data in Table 9‐2 9‐2 Schmertmann method: (a) histograms for accuracy (X), and (b) plot of standard normal variable (z) as a function of the X 9‐3 Hough method: (a) histograms for accuracy (X), and (b) plot of standard normal variable (z) as a function of the X 9‐4 D’Appolonia method: (a) histograms for accuracy (X), and (b) plot of standard normal variable (z) as a function of the X 9‐5 Peck and Bazarra method: (a) histograms for accuracy (X), and (b) plot of standard normal variable (z) as a function of the X 9‐6 Burland and Burbridge method: (a) histograms for accuracy (X), and (b) plot of standard normal variable (z) as a function of the X 9‐7 Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDFs) for various analytical methods for estimation of immediate settlement of spread footings 9‐8 PEC for Schmertmann method 9‐9 PEC for Hough method 9‐10 PEC for D’Appolonia method 9‐11 PEC for Peck and Bazarra method 9‐12 PEC for Burland and Burbridge method 9‐13 Relationship between β and P for the case of a single load and single resistance e 9‐14 Evaluation of based on current and target reliability indices SE 12‐1 Estimation of maximum factored angular distortion in bridges – Mode 1 and Mode 2 12‐2 Factored Angular distortion in bridges based on construction‐point concept 13‐1 Consideration of foundation deformation in bridge design process vi Definitions A Angular Distortion d A , A , A , A Angular distortions for a four‐span bridge d1 d2 d3 d4 A Factored Angular Distortion df A , A , A , Mode 1factored angular distortions for a four‐span bridge df1‐1 df2‐1 df3‐1 A df4‐1 A , A , A , Mode 2factored angular distortions for a four‐span bridge df1‐2 df2‐2 df3‐2 A df4‐2 AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ASD Allowable Stress Design B Least lateral plan dimension (width) of spread footing f CDF Cumulative Distribution Function CV Coefficient of Variation D Depth to bottom of spread footing measured from finished grade f DL Dead Load E Elastic Modulus f Frequency F Point on Q‐ curve representing strength limit state FHWA Federal Highway Administration g Limit state function I Moment of Inertia IAP Implementation Assistance Program in. inch LFD Load Factor Design L Span Length S L , L , L , L Span lengths for a four‐span bridge S1 S2 S3 S4 L Longer lateral plan dimension (length) of spread footing f LL Live Load ln (or LN) Natural logarithm ln(X) Natural logarithm of Accuracy, X, values LRFD Load and Resistance Factor Design MC Monte Carlo mm Millimeter MSE Mechanically Stabilized Earth M Bending moment induced by a differential settlement, d N Point on Q‐ curve representing nominal resistance level vii DEFINITIONS, Continued NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program PDF Probability Distribution Function P Lateral soil reaction on a deep foundation P Probability of Exceedance e PEC Probability Exceedance Chart P Target Probability of Exceedance eT Q Load (or force effect) Q Mean load mean Q Nominal load n R Resistance R Mean resistance mean R Nominal resistance n S Foundation settlement (vertical deformation); also refers to point on Q‐ curve representing service limit state S , S , S , S , S Support settlements for a four‐span bridge A1 P1 P2 P2 A2 SE Force effect due to settlement S Factored total relevant settlement f S , S , S , Factored support settlements for a four‐span bridge f‐A1 f‐P1 f‐P2 S , S f‐P2 f‐A2 S Measured Settlement M S Predicted (calculated) Settlement P S Unfactored predicted settlement t S Tolerable Settlement T S Unfactored total relevant settlement tr S , S , S , S Settlements corresponding to vertical loads W, X, Y and Z W X Y Z SCOBS AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures SHRP2 Second Strategic Highway Research Program SLS Service Limit State SWM Strain Wedge Method TRB Transportation Research Board y Lateral deflection of pile W Vertical load due to foundation X Accuracy (X =δ /δ or X = S /S ); or vertical load of substructure P T P M Y Vertical load due to superstructure z Standard normal variable (variate) Z Vertical load due to wearing surface Reliability Index Target Reliability Index T viii DEFINITIONS, Continued Load factor Load factor for SE load; Deformation Load Factor SE Deformation Factored Deformation f δ Deformation at nominal force effect, Q S n δ Deformation at factored force effect, Q = (Q ) F F n δ Deformation at load corresponding to nominal resistance, R N n δ Predicted deformation (force effect) P δ Tolerable deformation (resistance) T δ , δ , δ Various tolerable deformations T1 T2 T3 Differential settlement d Δ , Δ , Δ , Δ Differential settlements for a four‐span bridge d1 d2 d3 d4 Differential settlement over 100 ft with pier or abutments and differential d100’ settlement between piers Factored Differential settlement f Δ , Δ , Δ , Δ Mode 1 factored differential settlements for a four‐span bridge f1‐1 f2‐1 f3‐1 f4‐1 Δ , Δ , Δ , Δ Mode 2 factored differential settlements for a four‐span bridge f2‐1 f2‐2 f3‐2 f4‐2 λ Bias factor for load Q λ Bias factor for resistance R Mean μ Arithmetic mean of ln(X) values LNA μ Correlated mean value LNC Standard deviation Arithmetic standard deviation of ln(X) values LNA Correlated standard deviation LNC φ Resistance factor ix
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