Inclusive Development in South Asia

362 Pages·2022·20.905 MB·English

by  Toshie Awaya, Kazuo Tomozawa

INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT
IN SOUTH ASIA
This book examines the multi-layered aspects and the complexities of inclusive
development in South Asia based on recent data and using innovative methodology.
The book offers an analysis of the existing ground realities in terms of
economic and inclusive development, presenting relevant discussion and findings.
It discusses lower castes, tribes, religious/ethnic minorities, and other socially
vulnerable people, as well as gender, rural–urban, and educational disparities
in South Asia, and highlights that all these issues are interrelated. Structured in
two parts—Spatial Dimensions, Labour, and Migration, and Social Dimensions
and Beyond Inclusion—the chapters present emerging new concepts related to
socio-economic and inclusive development and use effective and valid methods
and methodology covering the ground realities-based information and secondary
data-based analysis. Evaluating the extent to which inclusive development has
been realised in South Asia, the contributors explore a new approach towards the
concept of ‘inclusiveness’ by drawing on the experiences of the diverse societies
in South Asia.
An immensely useful contribution to the analysis of different economic and
social issues in different countries in South Asia, focusing on inclusivity, this
book will be of interest to researchers working on South Asian Politics and
Development Economics.
Toshie Awaya is Professor at the Graduate School of Global Studies, Tokyo
University of Foreign Studies, Japan.
Kazuo Tomozawa is Professor at the Graduate School of Humanities and Social
Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan.
Routledge New Horizons in South Asian Studies
Series Editors:
Crispin Bates, Edinburgh University
Akio Tanabe, University of Tokyo
Minoru Mio, National Museum of Ethnology, Japan
Sustainable Development in India
Groundwater Irrigation, Energy Use, and Food Production
Edited by Koichi Fujita and Tsukasa Mizushima
The Dynamics of Conflict and Peace in Contemporary South Asia
The State, Democracy and Social Movements
Edited by Minoru Mio, Kazuya Nakamizo and Tatsuro Fujikura
Caste and Equality in India
A Historical Anthropology of Diverse Society and Vernacular Democracy
Akio Tanabe
Language, Identity, and Power in Modern India
Gujarat, c. 1850–1960
Riho Isaka
Indian Economic Growth in Historical Perspective
The Roots of Development
Late Prof. Haruka Yanagisawa (ed. Tsukasa Mizushima)
The Rural-Urban Nexus in India’s Economic Transformation
Tsukasa Mizushima
Inclusive Development in South Asia
Edited by Toshie Awaya and Kazuo Tomozawa
For a full list of titles please see www.routledge.com/Routledge-New-Horizons-
in-South-Asian-Studies/book-series/RNHSAS
INCLUSIVE
DEVELOPMENT
IN SOUTH ASIA
Edited by Toshie Awaya and Kazuo Tomozawa
First published 2023
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa
business
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Toshie Awaya and Kazuo
Tomozawa; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Toshie Awaya and Kazuo Tomozawa to be identified as the
authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual
chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
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any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
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without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Awaya, Toshie, 1957– editor. | Tomozawa, Kazuo, 1962– editor.
Title: Inclusive development in South Asia / edited by Toshie Awaya,
Kazuo Tomozawa.
Description: First Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2023. |
Series: Routledge new horizons in South Asian Studies |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022033149 (print) | LCCN 2022033150 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781032303710 (Hardback) | ISBN 9781032303727 (Paperback) |
ISBN 9781003304760 (eBook)
Subjects: LCSH: Economic development—South Asia. | South Asia—
Economic policy. | South Asia—Social policy. | Minorities—South Asia. |
Marginality, Social—South Asia.
Classification: LCC HC430.6 .I495 2023 (print) | LCC HC430.6 (ebook) |
DDC 330.954—dc23/eng/20221122
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022033149
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022033150
ISBN: 978-1-032-30371-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-30372-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-30476-0 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003304760
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
CONTENTS
List of Figures viii
List of Tables x
List of Maps xiii
Preface and Acknowledgements xiv
List of Abbreviations xvi
List of Contributors xviii
Introduction: ‘Inclusive Development’ in South Asia 1
Toshie Awaya and Kazuo Tomozawa
PART 1
Spatial Dimensions, Labour, and Migration 15
1 Three Spatial Layers of the Indian Economy: Regional
Disparities, Industrial Locations, and Labour Market 17
Kazuo Tomozawa
2 Regional Diversity of Work Opportunities and New
Economic Space in India 37
Kentaro Kuwatsuka
3 The Burgeoning Small Towns of India: Lessons for
Inclusive Development 63
Eric Denis
vi Contents
4 Education System and Economic Development in Rural
Bangladesh: A Comparative Study Between Remote and
Suburban Rural Villages 88
Tatsuya Kusakabe
5 Mobility Between Formal and Informal Sectors and
Inclusiveness: A Study of Ahmedabad 111
Junko Kiso
6 Indian Migration and Labour Markets 141
Shuji Uchikawa
7 International Migration from India and the GCM:
Inclusion and Exclusion in South Asia? 160
Binod Khadria
PART 2
Social Dimensions and Beyond Inclusion 183
8 Higher Education and the Future of Social Inequality in India 185
Satish Deshpande
9 Education to Include the First Educated Generation in an
Unequal Society in Bangladesh 215
Kazuyo Minamide
10 Becoming Dalit: Ambedkarite Movements and Inter-caste
Marriages in and Around Nagpur 230
Tatsushi Nemoto
11 Do ‘Islamic Norms’ Impede Inclusive Development of
Women?: A Case Study of Islamic Education for Women
in Rural Bangladesh 250
Ai Sugie
12 From ‘Failed Development’ to ‘Inclusive Development’?:
Views of Ethnic/Caste Minority Women 273
Seika Sato
13 Destitution in Old Age: Living Through Asymmetrical
Relations 295
Sae Nakamura
Contents vii
14 Universal Basic Income and Land Rights for Women: An
Anti-capitalist Critique 313
Nivedita Menon
Index 337
FIGURES
2.1 Dendrogram of Districts Classified Into Five Types of
Work Opportunities Through Cluster Analysis Based on the
Standardised PC Scores 55
2.2 PC Score of Districts by Classification of Work Opportunities 56
5.1 Number of Workers 112
5.2 Working Registered Factories and Workers Employed 117
5.3 Caste Composition by Worker Category (%) 119
5.4 Education Level by Worker Category (%) 119
5.5 Changes of Industry Among Generations (%) 124
5.6 Changes in Education Level 128
5.7 Changes in Sector 129
5.8 Monthly Income 130
5.9 Monthly Household Income 132
7.1 Eleven Leading Intra-Asian Corridors of Migration With Four
Intra-South Asian, 2019 163
7.2 Foreign-Born Individuals With Highest Degree in S&E Living
in the United States, by Place of Birth (2015) 165
8.1 Deciles of Higher Education Expenditure by Social Groups,
2014, Rural 206
8.2 Deciles of Higher Education Expenditure by Social Groups,
2014, Urban 207
9.1 Education System and Enrolment in Bangladesh 220
9.2 Mapping the Educational Experience of 38 Children 222
12.1 Average Annual Household Consumption Expenditure (NRS) 276
12.2 Percent of Respondents Who Lost Opportunities Due to
Language by Social Groups 277
Figures ix
12.3 Percent of Population Aged 18 &+ Years Who Have
Completed at Least 8th Grade of Education by Sex 277
12.4 Percent of Women Who Have Experienced Psychological,
Physical, or Sexual Violence Committed by Their Husbands 278
12.5 Percent of Respondents With Experience of Verbal Abuse in
the Community by Other Social Groups 279