Table Of Content

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8884 ThisvolumecollectsselectedtopicalentriesfromtheEncyclopediaofSustainabilityScience andTechnology(ESST).ESSTaddressesthegrandchallengesforscienceandengineering today. It provides unprecedented, peer-reviewed coverage of sustainability science and technology with contributions from nearly 1,000 of the world’s leading scientists and engineers, who write onmore than600separate topicsin 38sections. ESST establishes a foundationfortheresearch,engineering,andeconomicssupportingthemanysustainability andpolicyevaluationsbeingperformedininstitutionsworldwide. Editor-in-Chief ROBERTA.MEYERS,RAMTECHLIMITED,Larkspur,CA,USA EditorialBoard RITAR.COLWELL,DistinguishedUniversityProfessor,CenterforBioinformaticsand ComputationalBiology,UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,MD,USA ANDREASFISCHLIN,TerrestrialSystemsEcology,ETH-Zentrum,Zu¨rich,Switzerland DONALD A. GLASER, Glaser Lab, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Molecular&CellBiology,Berkeley,CA,USA TIMOTHYL.KILLEEN,NationalScienceFoundation,Arlington,VA,USA HAROLDW.KROTO,FrancisEppesProfessorofChemistry,DepartmentofChemistry andBiochemistry,TheFloridaStateUniversity,Tallahassee,FL,USA AMORYB.LOVINS,Chairman&ChiefScientist,RockyMountainInstitute,Snowmass, USA LORD ROBERT MAY, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS,UK DANIELL.MCFADDEN,DirectorofEconometricsLaboratory,UniversityofCalifornia, Berkeley,CA,USA THOMASC.SCHELLING,3105TydingsHall,DepartmentofEconomics,Universityof Maryland,CollegePark,MD,USA CHARLESH.TOWNES,557Birge,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA EMILIOAMBASZ,EmilioAmbasz&Associates,Inc.,NewYork,NY,USA CLARE BRADSHAW, Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, Stockholm,Sweden TERRY COFFELT, Research Geneticist, Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa,AZ,USA MEHRDAD EHSANI, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University,CollegeStation,TX,USA ALI EMADI, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology,Chicago,IL,USA CHARLESA.S.HALL,CollegeofEnvironmentalScience&Forestry,StateUniversity ofNewYork,Syracuse,NY,USA RIK LEEMANS, Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen,TheNetherlands KEITH LOVEGROVE, Department of Engineering (Bldg 32), The Australian National University,Canberra,Australia TIMOTHY D. SEARCHINGER, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton,NJ,USA Alfons Buekens Incineration Technologies AlfonsBuekens VrijeUniversiteitBrussel,VUB Brussels,Belgium andZhejiangUniversity Hangzhou,China ThecontentsofthisbookfirstappearedaspartoftheEncyclopediaofSustainabilityScienceandTechnology editedbyRobertA.Meyers,originallypublishedbySpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYorkin2012. ISSN2191-530X ISSN2191-5318(electronic) ISBN978-1-4614-5751-0 ISBN978-1-4614-5752-7(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-5752-7 SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012954265 #SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Contents Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii DefinitionoftheSubject. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 EvaluationofWasteIncineration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 WasteIncineration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4 IncineratorFurnacesandBoilers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5 SelectionofIncineratorFurnaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6 Refuse-DerivedFuel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 7 PublicImageofIncineration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 8 FutureDirections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 v Glossary Airequivalence Also,airratioorairfactor,(lork),isratioofactualairsupply ratio to the theoretical (stoichiometric) requirements for complete combustion. Combustion Ash remaining after combustion and consisting of bottom-ash residues or clinker, and of fly ash, entrained by flue gas and eventually separated.Chemicalneutralizationoffluegasalsoyieldssalts, byreactionofacidgascomponentswithbasicadditives. Emissions Outputofpollutantsthroughthestack(=guidedemissions),to a minor extent also as diffuse emission, e.g., from waste pit, evaporationofspills,spreadingofflyash,andoutgoingleaks. Gasification Partial combustion generating flammable gas and conducted withdeficiencyofairinvariousreactortypes. Higherheating Amountofheatproducedbycompletecombustionofaspecific value(HHV) unitamountoffuelinoxygen. Immission Added atmospheric concentrations attributed to specific sources, e.g., an incinerator plant, and markedly varying with atmospheric conditions. Immissions are modeled on a basis of (a)emissions,(b)theirdispersion,and(c)accordingtovariable atmosphericconditions(winddirectionandspeed,atmospheric stability). Municipalsolid Wasteproducedinacityandcollectedbythemunicipality. waste(MSW) Pyrolysis Thermochemical decomposition of organic material in the absence of oxygen, yielding gaseous (pyrolysis gas), con- densable(tar),andsolidproducts(char). Refuse-derived Fuelfromwaste,producedbymechanicalprocessing,(possibly fuel(RDF) biological),drying,andpossiblydensification. Waste-to-energy Incineration process in which solid waste is converted into (WtE) thermal energyto generate steam that drives turbinesfor elec- tricitygenerators(http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/ waste-to-energy.html). vii Definition of the Subject Wasteincinerationistheartofcompletelycombustingwaste,whilemaintainingor reducing emission levels below current emission standards and, when possible, recoveringenergy,aswellaseventual combustionresidues.Essentialfeaturesare as follows: achieving a deep reduction in waste volume; obtaining a compact and sterile residue, yet treating a voluminous flow of flue gas while deeply eliminatingawidearrayofpollutants. Destructionbyfireisalmostasoldashumanity.Incinerationwassystematically appliedatsomelocations,bothinEnglandandtheUSA,fromthesecondhalfofthe nineteenthcentury[1–4].Furnaceswidelydifferedinconception,yetwerestillpoked andde-ashedmanually.Asuccessfulfurnacedesignwasthecellfurnace,composed of a series of juxtaposed combustion cells with a fixed grate, or also with two superposed retractable grates [4–6]. In 1895, the first large continental incinerator wasmountedinHamburg[7]aftertraditionalexporttothecountrysideofmunicipal solidwaste(MSW)wasjeopardizedbyanoutbreakofcholera. The technology was strongly inspired by that of coal firing: mechanical grate stokersdevelopedfromthe1920sand1930swerecontinuouslyimprovedtosuitthe specialrequirementsoffiringwasteanddistributingprimaryair,whilecoolingthe grate bars [4, 8]. After World War II, fluidized bed techniques were introduced mainly in the Nordic countries, where MSW was co-fired together with forest products and residues from pulp and paper industry, and also in Japan, where the suitability of fluidized bed combustors for one- or two-shift operation was valued [9–11].Slaggingoperation,withtappingofmoltenresidue,remainedunusualuntil theendofthetwentiethcentury;thenitbecamemandatoryinJapantomeltflyash anddestroyitsorganiccontents,whileeithervolatilizingorimmobilizingitsheavy metal content by conversion into a glassy state (vitrification) [12]. A search on “melting” yields more than 130 different processes, as proposed by numerous Japanesecorporations[13]. Gasification of waste, a partial combustion conducted with deficiency of air, yieldsflammablegas,suitableascleanedgaseousfuelorevenfordrivingenginesor turbines[9,13–16].Thisthermalconversionmethodismainlyaptforhigh-calorific ix