Inbreeding, Incest, And The Incest Taboo: The State of Knowledge at the Turn of the Century PDF
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inbreeding, incest, and the incest taboo This page intentionally left blank Inbreeding, Incest, and the Incest Taboo the state of knowledge at the turn of the century Edited by Arthur P. Wolf and William H. Durham stanford university press stanford, california 2005 Stanford University Press Stanford, California © 2004by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Inbreeding, incest, and the incest taboo : the state of knowledge at the turn of the century / edited by Arthur P. Wolf and William H. Durham. p. cm. Papers presented at a conference held at Stanford University, Feb. 24–25, 2000. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-8047-4596-X (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Incest. 2. Consanguinity. 3. Inbreeding. 4. Taboo. I. Wolf, Arthur P. II. Durham, William H. gn480.3.i53 2005 306.877—dc22 2004003967 Original Printing 2005 Last figure below indicates year of this printing: 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 Typeset by James P. Brommer in 10/12.5Sabon Contents List of Tables and Figures vii Introduction 1 arthur p.wolf 1. Inbreeding Avoidance and Incest Taboos 24 patrick bateson 2. Genetic Aspects of Inbreeding and Incest 38 alan h. bittles 3. Inbreeding Avoidance in Primates 61 anne pusey 4. Explaining the Westermarck Effect, or, What Did Natural Selection Select For? 76 arthur p.wolf 5. Ancient Egyptian Sibling Marriage and the Westermarck Effect 93 walter scheidel 6. From Genes to Incest Taboos: The Crucial Step 109 neven sesardic 7. Assessing the Gaps in Westermarck’s Theory 121 william h. durham 8. Refining the Incest Taboo: With Considerable Help from Bronislaw Malinowski 139 hill gates 9. Evolutionary Thought and the Current Clinical Understanding of Incest 161 mark t. erickson 10. The Incest Taboo as Darwinian Natural Right 190 larry arnhart List of Contributors 219 Index 221 This page intentionally left blank Tables and Figures Tables 2.1 Major Types of Consanguineous Relationship 39 2.2 Levels of Death and Defect Reported in Four Studies of Incest 50 3.1 Avoidance of Sexual Activity with Relatives 64 4.1 General Fertility by Wife’s Age at First Association 80 4.2 Fertility/Divorce Index by Wife’s Age at First Association 81 4.3 General Fertility by Husband’s Age at First Association When Wife’s Age at First Association Is Zero 84 4.4 Fertility/Divorce Index by Husband’s Age at First Association When Wife’s Age at First Association Is Zero 85 4.5 General Fertility by Wife’s Age at First Association When Wife Is Adopted Before Husband’s Birth 87 4.6 Fertility/Divorce Index by Wife’s Age at First Association When Wife Is Adopted Before Husband’s Birth 87 4.7 Comparison of the Consequences of Early Association When the Wife Is an Infant (Tables 4.3and 4.4) and the Husband Is an Infant (Tables 4.5and 4.6) 87 5.1 Sibling Couples Attested in Papyrus Documents from Roman Egypt (first to third centuries ad) 95 5.2 Marital Fertility in Roman Egypt (mean number of births per maternal age cohort) 98 5.3 Cases of Divorce by Spousal Age Gap 101 5.4 Birth Intervals of Offspring of Prolific Sibling Couples Separated by Fewer Than Six Years of Age 102 9.1 Estimated Prevalence of Incest, 1953–1996 164 viii Tables and Figures Figures 2.1 Map of the United States Indicating States in Which First-Cousin Marriages Are Legal and Those in Which They Are Civil or Criminal Offenses 42 3.1 Copulations Between Mothers and Sons and Sisters and Brothers in the Gombe Chimpanzees 69 4.1 General Fertility by Wife’s Age at First Association 80 4.2 Fertility/Divorce by Wife’s Age at First Association 81 4.3 General Fertility by Husband’s Age at First Association 84 4.4 Fertility/Divorce by Husband’s Age at First Association 85 6.1 Aversion and Prohibition: Mismatch 113 6.2 Aversion and Prohibition: No Mismatch 115 6.3 The Expression Hypothesis and the Aversion Hypothesis: An Epistemological Tension 118 inbreeding, incest, and the incest taboo
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