In Vivo Spectroscopy

345 Pages·1992·11.529 MB·English

by  Lawrence J. Berliner (ed.), Jacques Reuben (ed.)

Biological Magnetic Resonance
Volume 11
In Vivo Spectroscopy
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Biological Magnetic Resonance
Volume 11
In Vivo Spectroscopy
Edited by
Lawrence J. Berliner
Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
and
Jacques Reuben
Hercules Incorporated
Research Center
Wilmington, Delaware
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
The Library of Congress has cataloged the first volume of this series as follows:
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Biologica! magnetic resonance:
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
1. Magnetic resonance. 2. Biology-Technique. 1. Berliner, Lawrence, J. II.
Reuben, Jacques.
QH324.9.M28B56 574.19'285 78-16035
AACR1
ISBN 978-1-4757-9479-3 ISBN 978-1-4757-9477-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-9477-9
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992
Ali rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
Lawrence J. Berliner • Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State Univer
sity, Columbus, Ohio 43210
Lizann Bolinger • Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
C. Tyler Burt • Magnetic Resonance Center, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60680
G. Herbert Caines • Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Sin
sheimer Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
95064
Lee-Hong Chang • Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94143
Gabriel A. Elgavish • Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of
Medicine and Department of Biochemistry, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
Hirotada Fujii • Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio 43210. Present address: Tokyo Metropolitan Medical
Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
Thomas L. James • Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Depart
ment of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, California
94143
v
vi Contributors
Robert E. London • Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institute
of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27709
Robert E. Lenkinski • Department of Radiology, University of Pennsyl
vania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Sandra K. Miller • Frederick Philips NMR Research Center, School of
Medicine, Department of Radiology, Emory University, Atlanta,
Georgia 30322
Jan M. Rydzewski • Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Sin
sheimer Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
95064
Thomas Schleich • Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Sinsheimer
Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy,
University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
Barry S. Selinsky • Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Vil
lanova, Pennsylvania 19085
Preface
In vivo nuclear magnetic and electron spin resonance spectroscopy is
concerned, inter alia, with the noninvasive observation of metabolic changes
in living systems, including animals and humans. Typically, the physiologi
cal (or pathological) state of an organ or tissue is monitored. This multi
faceted approach was developed during the 1980s. It is still a research
technique, but will undoubtedly become a clinical tool. We are proud to
present this volume (the eleventh of our series) in which some of the pioneers
in this area summarize their contributions and review related literature.
Bolinger and Lenkinski describe a variety of localization methods
suitable for clinical applications of NMR spectroscopy. Schleich, Caines,
and Rydzewski summarize their contributions to approaches involving
off-resonance rotating frame relaxation and critically compare these with
other NMR techniques that may yield similar information. Chang and James
outline their approach and share their experience with the technical aspects
of 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy and spatially localized spectroscopy in
studies of brain ischemia.
Sodium plays an important role in living systems, a key aspect being
the large gradient between intra-and extracellular concentrations of sodium
that is maintained by a variety of transport mechanisms. Miller and Elgavish
give us a comprehensive review of an important research tool in this
area-23Na NMR spectroscopy as aided by shift reagents.
While the NMR study of living systems with the naturally occurring
nuclides 1H, 31P, and 23Na has provided a wealth of information, one can
ask new questions in areas such as pharmacology and physiology by using
suitable labelling with other NMR-active probes. An example is 19F, which
is very sensitive in NMR experiments and has the advantage of absence of
endogenous biological background. Selinsky and Burt provide an excellent
review of the state of the art of in vivo 19F NMR.
vii
viii Preface
The massive proton background in biological systems can be circumven
ted by using deuterated tracers with 2H NMR. London reviews the use of
2H NMR for in vivo studies of cellular metabolism.
While in vivo NMR spectroscopy appears to be a maturing field,
electron spin resonance techniques for in vivo studies are still in the develop
mental stages. In this volume (to the personal pride of J.R.) we have a
synopsis of the pioneering work of Berliner and Fujii on the feasibility and
applications of in vivo ESR and EPR imaging to animal systems.
As always, we welcome the comments and suggestions of our readers.
In the past they have been instrumental in improving this series.
Lawrence 1. Berliner
Jacques Reuben
Contents
Chapter 1
Localization in Clinical NMR Spectroscopy
Lizann Bolinger and Robert E. Lenkinski
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Intrinsic Properties of the Nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1. The Relative Sensitivities of the Various Nuclei in
Normal Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2. The Chemical Shifts and Homonuclear Coupling
Constants of 1H and 31P Nuclei in Molecules of
Biological Interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3. The Relaxation Times of 1H and 31P Nuclei in Molecules
of Biological Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Practical Aspects of Spatial Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1. General Approaches to Spatial Localization Methods and
Their Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2. Dynamic Range Issues and Approaches to the
Suppression of Water in Proton Spectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3. Off-Resonance Effects in B Localization Methods...... . 12
1
3.4. Slice Mislocation Artifacts in Gradient Localization
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.5. The Effects of Eddy Currents in Gradient Localization
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.6. Distortions Caused by Delayed Acquisition..... . . . . . . . . 16
4. Spatial Localization Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.1. Single Voxel B Methods.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1
4.2. Multiple Voxel B Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1
ix