In Vivo Models of Inflammation PDF
Preview In Vivo Models of Inflammation
Progress in Inflammation Research Series Editor Prof. Michael J. Parnham PhD Senior Scientific Advisor GSK Research Centre Zagreb Ltd. Prilaz baruna Filipovic´a 29 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia Advisory Board G. Z. Feuerstein (Wyeth Research, Collegeville, PA, USA) M. Pairet (Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany) W. van Eden (Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands) Forthcoming titles: Chemokine Biology: Basic Research and Clinical Application, Volume II: Pathophysiology of Chemokines, K. Neote, G. L. Letts, B. Moser (Editors), 2006 The Resolution of Inflammation, A. G. Rossi, D. A. Sawatzky (Editors), 2006 (Already published titles see last page.) In Vivo Models of Inflammation 2nd Edition, Volume II Christopher S. Stevenson Lisa A. Marshall Douglas W. Morgan Editors Birkhäuser Verlag Basel · Boston · Berlin Editors Christopher S. Stevenson Lisa A. Marshall Douglas W. Morgan Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Johnson and Johnson PRD Portfolio, Program and Alliance Respiratory Disease Area Welsh & McKean Rd Management Novartis Horsham Research Centre Spring House, PA 19477 BiogenIdec Wimblehurst Road USA 14 Cambridge Center Horsham, West Sussex Cambridge, MA 02142 United Kingdom USA A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress, Washington D.C., USA Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.ddb.de ISBN-10: 3-7643-7757-7 Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel – Boston – Berlin ISBN-13: 978-3-7643-7757-1 The publisher and editor can give no guarantee for the information on drug dosage and administration contained in this publication. The respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other sources of reference in each individual case. The use of registered names, trademarks etc. in this publication, even if not identified as such, does not imply that they are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations or free for general use. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro- films or in other ways, and storage in data banks. For any kind of use, permission of the copyright owner must be obtained. © 2006 Birkhäuser Verlag, P.O. Box 133, CH-4010 Basel, Switzerland Part of Springer Science+Business Media Printed on acid-free paper produced from chlorine-free pulp. TCF (cid:39) Cover design: Markus Etterich, Basel Cover illustration: with friendly permission of Christopher S. Stevenson Printed in Germany ISBN-10: 3-7643-7757-7 e-ISBN-10: 3-7643-7760-7 ISBN-13: 978-3-7643-7757-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-7643-7760-1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 www.birkhauser.ch Contents Volume II (contents of volume I see last page) List of contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Preface to the first edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Preface to the second edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x William M. Selig, Eric T. Whalley and James L. Ellis Asthma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Christopher S. Stevenson and David C. Underwood In vivo modeling systems for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Azzeddine Dakhama and Erwin W. Gelfand Murine models of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Lawrence S. Chan Skin inflammatory disorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Pierangelo Geppetti, Serena Materazzi, Paola Nicoletti and Marcello Trevisani In vivo models of neurogenic inflammation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Sreekant Murthy Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 H. Andreas Kalmes and Christopher F. Toombs Preclinical models of vascular inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 List of contributors Lawrence S. Chan, Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, 808 South Wood Street, MC624, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; e- mail: [email protected] Azzeddine Dakhama, Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA; e-mail: [email protected] James L. Ellis, Surface Logix Inc, 50 Soldiers Field Place, Brighton, MA 02139, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Erwin W. Gelfand, Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Pierangelo Geppetti, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Critical Care Med- icine and Surgery, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] H. Andreas Kalmes, Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen Washington Inc., Seattle, Washington, 98119, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Serena Materazzi, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Critical Care Medi- cine and Surgery, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] Sreekant Murthy, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Office of Research, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA; e-mail: [email protected] vii List of contributors Paola Nicoletti, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] William M. Selig, NitroMed Inc, 125 Spring Street, Lexington, MA 02421, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Christopher S. Stevenson, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Horsham Research Centre, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 5AB, United Kingdom; e-mail: [email protected] Christopher F. Toombs, Ikaria, Inc., 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Suite 340, Seattle, Washington, 98102, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Marcello Trevisani, Center of Excellence for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] David C. Underwood, Center for Excellence in Drug Discovery, Respiratory Dis- eases, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA Eric T. Whalley, BiogenIdec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; e-mail: [email protected] viii Preface to the first edition The purpose of this volume in the series Progress in Inflammation Research is to provide the biomedical researcher with a description of the state of the art of the development and use of animal models of diseases with components of inflamma- tion. Particularly highlighted are those models which can serve as in vivocorrelates of diseases most commonly targeted for therapeutic intervention. The format is designed with the laboratory in mind; thus it provides detailed descriptions of the methodologies and uses of the most significant models. Also, new approaches to the development of future models in selected therapeutic areas have been highlighted. While emphasis is on the newest models, new information broadening our under- standing of several well-known models of proven clinical utility is included. In addi- tion, we have provided coverage of transgenic and gene transfer technologies which will undoubtedly serve as tools for many future approaches. Provocative comments on the cutting edge and future directions are meant to stimulate new thinking. Of course, it is important to recognize that the experimental use of animals for human benefit carries with it a solemn responsibility for the welfare of these animals. The reader is referred to the section on current regulations governing animal use which addresses this concern. To fulfill our purpose, the content is organized according to therapeutic areas with the associated models arranged in subcategories of each therapeutic area. Con- cepts presented are discussed in the context of their current practice, including intended purpose, methodology, data and limitations. In this way, emphasis is placed on the usefulness of the models and how they work. Data on activities of key reference compounds and/or standards using graphs, tables and figures to illustrate the function of the model are included. The discussions include ideas on a given model’s clinical correlate. For example, we asked our contributors to answer this question: How does the model mimic what is found in human clinical practice? They have answered this question in many interesting ways. We hope the reader will find the information presented here useful for his or her own endeavours investigating processes of inflammation and developing therapeu- tics to treat inflammatory diseases. October, 1998 Douglas W. Morgan Lisa A. Marshall ix Preface to the second edition Since our first edition of “In Vivo Models of Inflammation” published in 1999, there has been amazing progress, and an abundance of exciting new information in inflammation research: new technologies, new therapeutics, new understanding of inflammatory processes, … and on and on, have emerged in the past 6 years. Sup- porting all of this are the fundamentals of inflammation research, i.e., the animal models, known mechanisms, and therapeutic standards, that have continued to pro- vide the basis for generating these advances. Given the great progress, we have cho- sen to provide a second edition to our original text. The second edition of “In Vivo Models of Inflammation” comes to you in two volumes and provides an update of the models included in first edition with expand- ed coverage and more models. Again, these volumes emphasize the standard mod- els regarded as the most relevant for their disease area. The intent is to provide the scientist with an up-to-date reference manual for selecting the best animal model for their specific question. Updates on previously described models are specifically focused on references to any additional pharmacology that has been conducted using these systems. The sections on arthritis models have been expanded and now include models relating to osteoarthritis. New areas described herein include mod- els of neurogenic, cancer, and vascular inflammation. Additionally, coverage of in vivotechnologies includes updates on transgenic and gene transfer technologies, and has also been expanded to include chapters on stem cells and nanotechnologies. The second edition continues to emphasize that conducting in vivoresearch car- ries with it a great responsibility for animal respect and welfare. The coverage of this concern has been extended to include chapters describing current regulations in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. The ultimate aim of the second edition is to provide current best practices for obtaining the maximum information from in vivo experimentation, while preserv- ing the dignity and comfort of the animal. We hope the information provided here helps in advancing the reader’s endeav- ors in investigating processes of inflammation and in developing therapeutics to treat inflammatory diseases. May, 2006 Christopher S. Stevenson Lisa A. Marshall Douglas W. Morgan x Asthma William M. Selig1, Eric T. Whalley2and James L. Ellis3 1NitroMed Inc, 125 Spring Street, Lexington, MA 02421, USA; 2BiogenIdec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; 3Surface Logix Inc, 50 Soldiers Field Place, Brighton, MA 02135, USA Introduction Since the publication of the first edition of ”In Vivo Models of Inflammation” in 1999, evidence has continued to accumulate suggesting that asthma is predomi- nantly a chronic inflammatory condition of the lower airways, characterized by varying degrees of airway obstruction or hyperresponsiveness and long-term ultra- structural abnormalities that may mitigate the effectiveness of some of the current- ly available therapies [1, 2]. These structural changes, which include airway edema, airway epithelial sloughing, increased airway wall thickening (smooth muscle hypertrophy and mucus gland hyperplasia), extracellular matrix abnormalities, and increased airway vascularity all contribute to airway remodeling and fibrosis. The dominant inflammatory cells responsible for initiating or propagating the afore- mentioned airway pathophysiology and subsequent ultrastructural changes include the T cell (Th2), mast cell, eosinophil, basophil, and macrophage [2, 3]. As alluded to in the previously published chapter on in vivo asthma models, much of this evidence continues to be assimilated using various in vivoanimal mod- els (from mouse to primate), and the caveat that these models are not replicas of the human disease and may not be predictive of human outcome still holds. Nonethe- less, there has been a relative explosion in areas such as genomics, bioinformatics, and molecular pharmacology, which has helped us to better understand these vari- ous animal models and apply this understanding to the human condition. This chapter highlights and pays particular attention to the following with respect to animal asthma models: (1) introduction of any new models or procedur- al changes within existing models, (2) new insights into pathogenesis or pathophys- iology provided by the respective animal models of asthma, and (3) novel pharma- cological approaches or new drugs tested in these models. It should be noted that in many of the rodent studies summarized below, airway reactivity or bronchial responsiveness is commonly measured utilizing enhanced pause (Penh). The use of Penh as a measure of airway resistance (in the absence of In VivoModels of Inflammation, Vol. II, edited by Christopher S. Stevenson, Lisa A. Marshall and Douglas W. Morgan © 2006 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel/Switzerland 1
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