In Vivo Body Composition Studies: Recent Advances

438 Pages·1990·22.849 MB·English

by  Seiichi Yasumura (ed.), Joan E. Harrison (ed.), Kenneth G. McNeill (ed.), Avril D. Woodhead (ed.), F. Avraham Dilmanian (ed.)

IN VIVO BODY
COMPOSITION
STUDIES
Recent Advances
BASIC LIFE SCIENCES
Ernest H. Y. Chu, Series Editor
The University of Michigan Medical School
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Alexander Hollaender, Founding Editor
Recent volumes in the series:
Volume 40 EXTRACHROMOSOMAL ELEMENTS IN LOWER EUKARYOTES
Edited by Reed B. Wickner, Alan Hinnebusch, Alan M. Lambowitz,
I. C. Gunsalus, and Alexander Hollaender
Volume 41 TAILORING GENES FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT:
An Agricultural Perspective
Edited by George Bruening, John Harada, Tsune Kosuge,
and Alexander Hollaender
Volume 42 EVOLUTION OF LONGEVITY IN ANIMALS: A Comparative Approach
Edited by Avril D. Woodhead and Keith H. Thompson
Volume 43 PHENOTYPIC VARIATION IN POPULATIONS: Relevance to Risk Assessment
Edited by Avril D. Woodhead, Michael A Bender, and Robin C. Leonard
Volume 44 GENETIC MANIPULATION OF WOODY PLANTS
Edited by James W. Hanover and Daniel E. Keathley
Volume 45 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECH NOLOGY: Reducing Risks from Environmental
Chemicals through Biotechnology
Edited by Gilbert S. Omenn
Volume 46 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND THE HUMAN GENOME: Innovations and Impact
Edited by Avril D. Woodhead and Benjamin J. Barnhart
Volume 47 PLANT TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS
Edited by Oliver Nelson
Volume 48 HUMAN ACHONDROPLASIA: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Edited by Benedetto Nicoletti, Steven E. Kopits,
Elio Ascani, and Victor A: McKusick
Volume 49 OXYGEN RADICALS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE
Edited by Michael G. Simic, Karen A. Taylor,
John F. Ward, and Clemens von Sonntag
Volume 50 CLINICAL ASPECTS OF NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY
Edited by Ralph G. Fairchild, Victor P. Bond,
and Avril D. Woodhead
Volume 51 SYNCHROTRON RADIATION IN STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY
Edited by Robert M. Sweet and Avril D. Woodhead
Volume 52 ANTI MUTAGENESIS AND ANTICARCINOGENESIS MECHANISMS"
Edited by Yukiaki Kuroda, Delbert M. Shankel,
and Michael D. Waters
Volume 53 DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR IN HUMAN TISSUES
Edited by Betsy M. Sutherland and Avril D. Woodhead
Volume 54 NEUTRON BEAM DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, AND PERFORMANCE
FOR NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY
Edited by Otto K. Harling, John A. Bernard, and Robert G. Zamenhof
Volume 55 IN VIVO BODY COMPOSITION STUDIES: Recent Advances
Edited by Seiichi Yasumura, Joan E. Harrison, Kenneth G. McNeill,
Avril D. Woodhead, and F. Avraham Dilmanian
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of
each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment.
For further information please contact the publisher.
IN VIVO BODY
COMPOSITION
STUDIES
Recent Advances
Edited by
Seiichi Yasumura
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, New York
Joan E. Harrison
Toronto General Hospital
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Kenneth G. McNeill
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Avril D. Woodhead
and
F. A vraham Dilmanian
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, New York
PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON
Llbrary of Congress Cataloglng-in-Publicatlon Data
InternatIonal Symposium on In VIVO Body CompOSItion StudIes (1989
Unlvsrsity of Toronto)
In vivo body compOSItion studles recent advances! edited by
Selichi Yasumura ... [et a1.l.
p. em. -- (Baslc life SClences ; v. 55)
"ProceedIngs of the InternatIonal Symposlum on In VIVO Boay
CompOSItIon StudIes. held June 20-23. 1989. at the Un1versitv of
Toronto. Toronto. Ontario, Canada"--T.p, verso,
Includes bIbliographIcal references and Index,
ISBN-13:978-1-4612-8780-3 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4613-1473-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1473-8
1. Body composltlon--Congresses. I. Yasumura. Sellchi.
II. Tltle. III. Series.
QP88.I53 1989
612'.01585--dc20 90-7551
erp
Proceedings of the International Symposium on In Vivo Body Composition Studies,
held June 20-23, 1989, at the University of Toronto,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
© 1990 Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y, 10013
Softcover reprint of the hadrcover 1 st edition 1990
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
This book is the compilation of papers presented at the International
Symposium on in vivo Body Composition Studies, held at the University of
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 20 - 23, 1989. The purpose of this
conference was to report on advances in techniques for the in vivo
measurement of body composition and to present recent data on normal body
composition and changes during disease. This conference was the most
recent of several meetings on body composition studies, and follows two
successful such meetings, one at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1986,
and at Edinburgh in 1988. The large number of excellent research papers
and posters presented at these conferences demonstrates the rapid growth
of the field and the broad interest in the subject of in vivo body
composition studies. The proceedings of the Brookhaven meeting "In Vivo
Body Composition Studies", is published by The Institute of Physical
Sciences in Medicine, London. Both the Brookhaven and the current Toronto
meeting emphasized the clinical applications, together with the techniques
employed. The Edinburgh meeting placed more emphasis on the
methodological problems and design of instrumentation.
Because of the number of papers presented at the meeting it was
necessary to ask the authors from the same institution to combine their
presentations into a single paper where appropriate. The editors wish to
thank the authors for their cooperation and for graciously accepting the
minor revisions made to each manuscript.
The order of presentation of the papers at the conference forms the
basis of the order of appearance of the papers in this book, although the
titles of some of the sections have been changed to better reflect the
scope of all the papers included under each chapter heading. Also, topics
listed in the program under "Obesity, Fitness, and Aging" and "Wasting
Diseases" have been combined into a single chapter entitled, "Lean and Fat
Tissues". Papers representing poster material have been included in each
section, according to the most appropriate topic. In some cases this
choice was arbitrary, especially when the subject matter of the paper fit
several categories. Finally, a separate chapter heading: "Recent
Developments in Instrumentation" is composed of papers that should not be
construed as being exclusive in any way. They were placed in this chapter
on the basis of subjective judgement of the editors.
In addition to the high quality of the presentations, the success of
the symposium was most certainly due to the efforts of the International
Organizing Committee, the Local Arrangements Committee, and the
secretarial and technical staff. Also, the generous support of the many
companies and institutions listed below is gratefully acknowledged.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Organizing Committee
P. S. Allen; R. F. Code; J. E. Harrison; S. S. Krishnan; K. G. McNeill,
S. Yasumura.
International Committee
B. J. Allen (Australia); L. Burkinshaw (U.K.); J. Compston (U.K.);
K. J. Ellis (U.S.A.); D. Glaros (Greece); G. L. Hill (N. Zealand);
S. Mattsson (Sweden); B. D. Maziere (France); R. N. Pierson (U.S.A.);
P. Tothill (U.K.); M. Wahlqvist (Australia).
Sponsors Exhibitors
Medical Research Council of Canada Futrex Inc.
The Ontario Milk Marketing Board Lunar
Monserco Limited Seritex Inc.
Hologic, Inc. Monserco Ltd.
Canberra-Packard Canada Ltd. Hologic Inc.
Sandoz Laboratories Inc.
Ross Laboratories
Rorer Canada Inc.
Fisher Scientific
Special thanks to:
A. L. Ruggiero, Publication Secretary
K. J. Vivirito, Technical Editing
J. O'Reilly, Conference Secretary
I. Kierans, Conference Secretary
A. Hitchman, Assistant Secretary
S. Goodwin, Assistant Secretary
A. Strauss, Assistant Secretary
A. Bayley, Audio Visual
B. Hasany, Audio Visual
vii
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .....••.......•...............•...•...•...•.........•. xv
I. BODY COMPOSITION IN CHILDREN AND INFANTS
Infant Body Composition Measurements as an Assessment of
Nutritional Status ....................................... 1
B. L. Nichols, H.-P. Sheng, and K. J. Ellis
Body Composition in Cystic Fibrosis ............................ 15
K.J. Gaskin, D.L.M. Waters, V.L. Soutter, L. Baur,
B.J. Allen, N. Blagojevic, and D. Parsons
Body Composition Studies in Cystic Fibrosis and
Myelomeningocele ......................................... 23
B.J. Thomas, R.W. Shepherd, T.L. Holt, K. Shepherd,
R. Greer, and G.J. Cleghorn
Body Compartment Changes in Sick Children ...................... 31
P.B. Pencharz, N. Vaisman, M. Azcue, and V.A. Stallings
Mineral Status in Pre term Infants as Measured
by Single Photon Absorptiometry .......................... 39
R.J. Schanler, S. Abrams, and H.-P. Sheng
Bioelectrical Impedance Indices in Protein-Energy
Malnourished Children as an Indicator of
Total Body Water Status ................................. 45
C. Vettorazzi, S. Molina, C. Grazioso, M. Mazariegos,
M.-L. Siu, and N.W. Solomons
Anthropometry and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in
Newborns with Intrauterine Growth Retardation ............ 51
C. Grazioso, S. Molina, M.C. Santizo, M. Mazariegos,
M.-L. Siu, C. Vettorazzi, and N.W. Solomons
Extracellular Water Estimated by the Bromide Dilution
Method for Samples of Urine, Saliva, and Plasma 55
J.C. Morkeberg, H.-P. Sheng, and W.W. Wong
II. SKELETAL TISSUE
Post-Menopausal Osteoporosis and Measurements of Body
Composition .............................................. 61
J.A. Kanis and J. Aaron
ix
Longitudinal Study of Total Body Calcium Measurements in
Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease:
Correlations with Quantitative CT and
Single Photon Absorptiometry ............................. 75
J.E. Compston, S.J.S. Ryde, R.J. Motley, E.O. Crawley,
W.D. Evans, and W.D. Morgan
The Relationship Between Spinal Trabecular Bone Mineral
Content and Iliac Crest Trabecular Bone Volume ........... 79
C.D.P. Wright, E.O. Crawley, W.D. Evans, N.J. Garrahan,
R.W.E. Mellish, P.I. Croucher, and J.E. Compston
Clinical Studies on Osteoporosis ............................... 83
J.E. Harrison, K.G. McNeill, S.S. Krishnan, T.A. Bayley,
F. Budden, R. Josse, T.M. Murray, W.C. Sturtridge,
C. Muller, N. Patt, A. Strauss, and S. Goodwin
Alterations of Bone Minerals in Uremic Patients and
Renal Graft Recipients ................................... 89
J. Kalef-Ezra, K. Siamopoulos, A. Karantanas,
J. Xatzikonstantinou, G. Sferopoulos, S. Yasumura, and
D. Glaros
Body Composition Studies in Premenopausal Healthy Women ........ 95
R. Lindsay, S. Himmelstein, B.S. Herrington,
and F. Cosman
Total and Regional Bone Mass in Healthy and Osteoporotic
Women .................................................... 101
A. Gotfredsen, C. Hassager, and C. Christiansen
Evaluation of Methods of Bone Mass Measurement ................. 107
P. Tothill
Determination of Bone Mineral Content in the Heel Bone
by Dual Photon Absorptiometry ........................... 117
R. Jonson, L.-G. Mansson, A. Rundren, and J. Szucs
A Facility for the In Vivo Measurement of Ca and P
Content in the Human Hand ................................ 121
D. Glaros, J. Kalef-Ezra, J. Xatzikonstantinou,
A. LoMonte, and S. Yasumura
Local Body Composition Measurements by NMR ..................... 125
R.F. Code and K.G. McNeill
III. LEAN AND FAT TISSUES
A Clinical Approach to Body Composition in Wasting ............. 133
M. Wahlqvist and S. Marks
Mechanism of Reduction of Total Body Potassium in
Malnutrition 143
K.N. Jeejeebhoy
Assessment of Body Composition in Anorexic Patients ............ 149
J., Hannan, S. Cowen, C. Freeman, A. Mackie,
and C.M. Shapiro
x
The Role of Body Protein Studies in Clinical Trials ............ 155
B.J. Allen, N. Blagojevic, I. Delaney, C.A. Pollock,
L.S. Ibels, M.A. Allman, D.J. Tiller, K.J. Gaskin,
L.A. Baur, D.L. Waters, C. Cowell, G. Ambler,
C. Quigley, and J.P. Fletcher
Total Body Nitrogen and Potassium Determination in Patients
During Cis-Platin Treatment .............................. 171
J. Tolli, M. Alpsten, L. Larsson, K. Lundholm,
S. Mattsson, B. Unsgaard, and A. Wallgren
Clinical Studies of Total Body Nitrogen in an
Australian Hospital ...................................... 177
D.B. Stroud, D.J. Borovnicar, J.R. Lambert,
K.G. McNeill, S.J. Marks, R.P. Rassool, H.C. Rayner,
B.J.G. Strauss, E.H. Tai, M.N. Thompson,
M.L. Wahlqvist, B.A. Watson, and C.M. Wright
Body Composition for the Investigation of Obesity .............. 183
J. Garrow
Dual Photon Absorptiometry in Obesity: Effects of
Massive Weight Loss ...................................... 191
E.W. McKeon, J. Wang, R.N. Pierson Jr., and J.G. Kral
Body Fat and Adipose Tissue Determinations by Computed
Tomography and by Measurements of Total Body
Potassium ................................................ 197
H. Kvist, L. Sjostrom, B. Chowdhury, M. Alpsten,
B. Arvidsson, L. Larsson, and A. Cederblad
Studies of Soft Tissue Body Composition Using Single and
Dual Photon Absorptiometry ............................... 219
C. Hassager, J. P0denphant, E. Iversen,
and C. Christiansen
Comparison of Conductivity, Impedance and Density Methods
for Body Composition Assessment of Obese Women ........... 227
N.L. Keim, T.F. Barbieri, and M. Van Loan
Sleep and Body Composition ..................................... 231
C.M. Shapiro, H. Driver, K. Cheshire, A. Carver,
and J. Hannan
IV. TRACE ELEMENT TOXICITY
Issues of Lead Toxicity ........................................ 237
D.M. Nicholls and D.R.C. McLachlan
Measurements of Trace Elements In Vivo ......................... 247
D.R. Chettle, R. Armstrong, A.C. Todd, D.M. Franklin,
M.C. Scott, and K.J. Somervaille
The Measurement of Bone Lead Content in Patients with
End Stage Renal Failure .................................. 259
S.J. Jones, A.J. Williams, H. Kudlac,
I.R. Hainsworth, and W.D. Morgan
xi
In Vivo Measurements of Lead in Bone ........................... 263
J. Erkkila, V. Riihimaki, J. Starck, A. Paakkari,
and B. Kock
Distribution of Lead in Human Bone:
I. Atomic Absorption Measurements ........................ 267
H. Hu, T. Tosteson, A.C. Aufderheide, L. Wittmers,
D.E. Burger, F.L. Milder, G. Schidlovsky, and K.W. Jones
Distribution of Lead in Human Bone:
II. Proton Microprobe Measurements ....................... 275
G. Schidlovsky, K.W. Jones, D.E. Burger, F.L. Milder,
and H. Hu
Distribution of Lead in Human Bone:
III. Synchrotron X-Ray Microscope Measurements ........... 281
K.W. Jones, G. Schidlovsky, D.E. Burger, F.L. Milder,
H. Hu
Automated Bone Lead Analysis by K-X-Ray Fluorescence
for the Clinical Environment ............................. 287
D.E. Burger, F.L. Milder, P.R. Morsillo, B.B. Adams,
and H. Hu
Trace Elemental Analysis in Bone Using X-Ray Microscopy ........ 293
R.S. Bockman, R.P. Warrell, Jr., B. Levine,
J.G. Pounds, G. Schidlovsky, and K.W. Jones
Further Improvements of XRF Analysis of Cadmium In Vivo ........ 297
U. Nilsson, L. Ahlgren, J-O. Christofferson,
and S. Mattsson
V. BODY COMPOSITION METHODOLOGY
Recent Development in the Prompt-Gamma Total Body
Nitrogen Measurement Facility of the Toronto
General Hospital ......................................... 303
S.S. Krishnan, K.G. McNeill, and J.E. Harrison
Performance of the Delayed- and Prompt-Gamma Neutron Activation
Systems at Brookhaven National Laboratory ................ 309
F.A. Dilmanian, D.A. Weber, S. Yasumura, Y. Kamen,
L. Lidofsky, S.B. Heymsfield, R.N. Pierson, Jr., J. Wang,
J.J. Kehayias, and K.J. Ellis
High Precision In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis:
A New Era for Compartmental Analysis in
Body Composition ......................................... 317
R.N. Pierson, Jr., J. Wang, S.B. Heymsfield,
F.A. Dilmanian, and D.A. Weber
Dual Photon Absorptiometry: Validation of Mineral
and Fat Measurements ..................................... 327
S.B. Heymsfield, J. Wang, M. Aulet, J. Kehayias,
S. Lichtman, Y. Kamen, F.A. Dilmanian, R. Lindsay,
and R.N. Pierson, Jr.
xii