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In the Light of Evolution: Volume 1. Adaptation and Complex Design (In Light of Evolution) PDF

359 Pages·2007·2.62 MB·English
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JOHN C. AVISE and FRANCISCO J. AYALA, Editors THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street., N.W. Washington, DC 20001 This volume is based on the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium of the National Academy of Sci- ences, “In the Light of Evolution I: Adaptation and Complex Design,” held December 1-2, 2006, at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center of the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering in Irvine, California. The articles appearing in these pages were contributed by speakers at the colloquium and have been anonymously reviewed. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data In the light of evolution / John C. Avise and Francisco J. Ayala, editors. p. cm. Vol. I based on a colloquium of the National Academy of Sciences, held December 1–2, 2006, in Irvine, California. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-309-10405-0 (hardcover) ISBN-10: 0-309-10405-X (hardcover) ISBN-13: 978-0-309-66786-9 (pdf) ISBN-10: 0-309-66786-0 (pdf) 1. Evolution (Biology)—Congresses. I. Avise, John C, 1948-. II. Ayala, Francisco José, 1934- III. National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) QH359.I55 2007 576.8--dc22 2007032455 Additional copies of this book are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth St., N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 10055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. Cover image: Aboriginal art (acrylic on canvas), Arnhem Land, Northwest Territories, Australia. Left: “Saltwater Crocodile” by Neil Manyita. Right: “Mimi Spirit with Dillybag and Stone Axe” by Abraham Dakgalawuy. These images evoke an impression of biotic complexity. Images courtesy of John C. Avise. Copyright 2007 by the National Academies of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal govern- ment on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its mem- bers, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advis- ing the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Insti- tute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in pro- viding services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Arthur M. Sackler, M.D. 1913-1987 Born in Brooklyn, New York, Arthur M. Sackler was educated in the arts, sciences, and humanities at New York University. These interests remained the focus of his life, as he became widely known as a scientist, art collector, and philanthropist, endowing institutions of learning and culture throughout the world. He felt that his fundamental role was as a doctor, a vocation he decided upon at the age of four. After completing his internship and service as house physician at Lincoln Hospital in New York City, he became a resident in psychiatry at Creedmoor State Hospital. There, in the 1940s, he started research that resulted in more than 150 papers in neuroendocri- nology, psychiatry, and experimental medicine. He considered his scien- tific research in the metabolic basis of schizophrenia his most significant contribution to science and served as editor of the Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychobiology from 1950 to 1962. In 1960 he started publica- tion of Medical Tribune, a weekly medical newspaper that reached over one million readers in 20 countries. He established the Laboratories for Therapeutic Research in 1938, a facility in New York for basic research that he directed until 1983. As a generous benefactor to the causes of medicine and basic science, Arthur Sackler built and contributed to a wide range of scientific insti- tutions: the Sackler School of Medicine established in 1972 at Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; the Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Science at New York University, founded in 1980; the Arthur M. Sackler Science Center dedicated in 1985 at Clark University, Worcester, Massachu- setts; and the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, established in 1980, and the Arthur M. Sackler Center for Health Communications, established in 1986, both at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts. His pre-eminence in the art world is already legendary. According to his wife Jillian, one of his favorite relaxations was to visit museums and art galleries and pick out great pieces others had overlooked. His interest in art is reflected in his philanthropy; he endowed galleries at the Metro- politan Museum of Art and Princeton University, a museum at Harvard vii University, and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of Asian Art in Washing- ton, D.C. True to his oft-stated determination to create bridges between peoples, he offered to build a teaching museum in China, which Jillian made possible after his death, and in 1993 opened the Arthur M. Sackler Museum of Art and Archaeology at Peking University in Beijing. In a world that often sees science and art as two separate cultures, Arthur Sackler saw them as inextricably related. In a speech given at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Some reflections on the arts, sciences and humanities, a year before his death, he observed: ‘‘Commu- nication is, for me, the primum movens of all culture. In the arts. . . I find the emotional component most moving. In science, it is the intellectual content. Both are deeply interlinked in the humanities.’’ The Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia at the National Academy of Sciences pay tribute to this faith in communication as the prime mover of knowledge and culture. viii Contents Arthur M. Sackler Biography vii Preface to the In the Light of Evolution Series xiii Preface to In the Light of Evoluion I: Adaptation and Complex Design xv PART I INTRODUCTORY ESSAY 1 1 Darwin’s Greatest Discovery: Design Without Designer 3 Francisco J. Ayala PART II EPISTEMOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO BIOCOMPLEXITY ASSESSMENT 23 2 Functional Information and the Emergence of Biocomplexity 25 Robert M. Hazen, Patrick L. Griffin, James M. Carothers, and Jack W. Szostak 3 The Theory of Facilitated Variation 45 John Gerhart and Marc Kirschner ix x / Contents 4 Between “Design” and “Bricolage”: Genetic Networks, Levels of Selection, and Adaptive Evolution 65 Adam S. Wilkins 5 The Frailty of Adaptive Hypotheses for the Origins of Organismal Complexity 83 Michael Lynch PART III FROM INDIVIDUAL ONTOGENY TO SYMBIOSIS: A HIERARCHY OF COMPLEXITY 105 6 Emerging Principles of Regulatory Evolution 109 Benjamin Prud’homme, Nicolas Gompel, and Sean B. Carroll 7 Evolution of Individuality During the Transition from Unicellular to Multicellular Life 129 Richard E. Michod 8 Insect Societies as Divided Organisms: The Complexities of Purpose and Cross-Purpose 145 Joan E. Strassmann and David C. Queller 9 Symbiosis as an Adaptive Process and Source of Phenotypic Complexity 165 Nancy A. Moran PART IV CASE STUDIES: DISSECTING COMPLEX PHENOTYPES 183 10 Adaptive Evolution of Color Vision as Seen Through the Eyes of Butterflies 187 Francesca D. Frentiu, Gary D. Bernard, Cristina I. Cuevas, Marilou P. Sison-Mangus, Kathleen L. Prudic, and Adriana D. Briscoe 11 Plant Domestication, a Unique Opportunity to Identify the Genetic Basis of Adaptation 205 Jeffrey Ross-Ibarra, Peter L. Morrell, and Brandon S. Gaut Contents / xi 12 An Experimental Test of Evolutionary Trade-Offs During Temperature Adaptation 225 Albert F. Bennett and Richard E. Lenski 13 Two Routes to Functional Adaptation: Tibetan and Andean High-Altitude Natives 239 Cynthia M. Beall 14 On the Origin and Evolutionary Diversification of Beetle Horns 257 Douglas J. Emlen, Laura Corley Lavine, and Ben Ewen-Campen PART V CONCLUDING ESSAY 283 15 Biological Design in Science Classrooms 285 Eugenie C. Scott and Nicholas J. Matzke References 305 Index 345

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