In Remembrance of the Saints: The Rise and Fall of an Inner Asian Sufi Dynasty PDF
Preview In Remembrance of the Saints: The Rise and Fall of an Inner Asian Sufi Dynasty
IN REMEMBRANCE OF THE SAINTS TRANSLATIONS FROM THE ASIAN CLASSICS TRANSLATIONS FROM THE ASIAN CLASSICS Editorial Board: Paul Anderer Allison Busch David Lurie Rachel McDermott Wei Shang Haruo Shirane IN REMEMBRANCE OF THE SAINTS The Rise and Fall of an Inner Asian Sufi Dynasty d Muḥammad Ṣadiq Kashghari TRANSLATED BY DAVID BROPHY Columbia University Press New York This publication was made possible in part by an award from the James P. Geiss and Margaret Y. Hsu Foundation. Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex cup.columbia.edu Copyright © 2021 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kāshgharī, Muḥammad Ṣadiq, active 1780, author. | Brophy, David John, translator. Title: In remembrance of the saints : the rise and fall of an Inner Asian Sufi dynasty / Muḥammad Ṣadiq Kashghari ; Translated by David Brophy. Other titles: Tazk̲ ira-yi ʻazīzān. English Description: New York City : Columbia University Press, 2020. | Series: Translations from the Asian classics | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020028800 (print) | LCCN 2020028801 (ebook) | ISBN 9780231198189 (hardback) | ISBN 9780231198196 (trade paperback) | ISBN 9780231552523 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Sufis—Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (China)—Biography. | Sufism—Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (China)—History. | Naqshabandīyah—Asia, Central—History. | Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (China)—History. Classification: LCC BP189.7.N35 K4513 2020 (print) | LCC BP189.7.N35 (ebook) | DDC 297.4/8—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020028800 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020028801 Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America Cover image: Section of a genealogical scroll of the Naqshbandi Sufis of Xinjiang, circa 1800. Cover design: Milenda Nan Ok Lee CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Introduction ix In Remembrance of the Saints 1 Abbreviations 227 Notes 229 Bibliography 251 Index 259 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS his translation is the product of a long, on-again off-again, T engagement with Kashghari’s work, and various friends and col- leagues have helped along the way. I first began dabbling with In Remembrance of the Saints some fifteen years ago, when I was thinking about writing a dissertation on eighteenth-century Xinjiang. In the end, I set that topic aside, but this text remained with me. I was able to make a start on it thanks to the late Joseph Fletcher, who acquired copies of various manu- scripts from European libraries for the collection of Harvard’s Widener Library. Bodleian MS Turk. d. 20, which I eventually took as my base text for this translation, was among them. Back then I had the great pleasure of reading sections with Wheeler Thackston, who took enough interest in it to convince me it was worth translating in full. Since then, his exemplary gen- erosity has given me the encouragement and energy to continue the work. Along the way I’ve been able to examine manuscripts of In Remembrance of the Saints in the Bodleian and British Libraries, the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts in Saint Petersburg, the Jarring Collection in Lund, the Toyo Bunko in Tokyo, and most recently, at the Al-Beruni Institute of Oriental Studies in Tashkent. I want to thank the staff of all these institutions for facilitating my visits and allowing me to make copies when necessary—the Bodleian in particular for providing figure 0.3. Writing as I am from Covid quarantine in Sydney, I must also make mention of the ongoing digitization projects at Lund, and the Staatsbibliothek in Berlin, which have made viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Kashghari’s work accessible to far-flung scholars such as myself. The great confinement of 2020 has made academics everywhere acutely aware of the value of such initiatives, and we pray they continue to receive the support they need. After a long hiatus, I was able to return to this translation and complete it with the generous support of the Australian Research Council’s Discovery Early Career Researcher Award for my project “Empire and Religion in Early Modern Inner Asia” (DE170100330). I want to thank Christine Dunbar at Columbia University Press who gave enthusiastic support to the book, and her colleagues who contributed to its editing and production. For sharing sources, offering improvements to the translation, and responding to vari- ous historical and linguistic inquiries, I’d like to thank Eric Schluessel, Onuma Takahiro, Christopher Atwood, Morimoto Kazuo, Dan Sheffield, Rian Thum, and Najam Haider. Ying Qian has provided love and companion- ship throughout. Sadly, this translation is being published at a time when the study of works such as Kashghari’s is all but impossible inside China. Many Uyghur philologists, translators, and scholars of religion have vanished into Xinji- ang’s internment camps, and for all we know, some of them may well be languishing in prison. Of course, I’ll be glad if this book contributes in some small way to raising the profile of the culture and language of the Uyghurs, though I don’t pretend that this will do anything to change the dire situa- tion they currently face. It’s been a long time since I’ve felt it was safe to communicate with colleagues and friends in Xinjiang, but I’d like to acknowl- edge and pay my respects to the Uyghur language teachers who first set me on this path during my studies at Xinjiang University in 2002–2003. I can only hope that we can meet again one day in better times. INTRODUCTION n the middle of the eighteenth century, the Qianlong emperor of the I Qing dynasty seized on an opportunity to do something that had long eluded his predecessors: eliminate the Manchu empire’s chief rival for control of Inner Asia, the Junghar Mongols. It was, in his view, the crowning achievement of his long reign, the highlight of a sustained period of imperial expansion that contemporaries saw as a flourishing age com- parable to the height of the Han and Tang dynasties. In carrying out this campaign, the Qing not only established its uncontested rule across the Mongolian steppe but also made its decisive entry into Islamic Inner Asia. While the Junghars had occupied a domain of pastoral nomadism to the north of the Tianshan Mountains (today’s Jungharia), to the south of that mountain range the Tarim Basin was home to an oasis society of Turkic- speaking Muslims, centered politically on the trading centers of Kashgar and Yarkand. Because these lands and their inhabitants had previously been loose vassals of the Junghars, the Qing now claimed them as their own. From that time until the present, with only brief interruptions, the Tarim Basin has remained subject to Beijing’s rule. Today it forms part of the Xin- jiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the vast northwestern territory of the People’s Republic of China.1 Here Qing officials found a society in which families of “khojas,” or Sufi shaykhs, not only were revered as religious figures but also held political authority. A century earlier, the reigning Chaghatayid dynasty, descended u o h ng pire Ganz 100°E QiEm t) e ami Tib H u ( J y. 90°E JungharKhung-taijis Turfan Kucha Moghulistan/Altishahr kand River eighteenth centur 80°E N Ili Muzart PassKashgarRiveranUshAqsuÖzgandKelpinghanaArtushBarchuqBeshkeremFayżabadKashgarYarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYangihisarYarkand QarghaliqSanjuKhotan Kashmir ustan p: China and Inner Asia in the 70°E Syr Darya TashkentKasAndijanDahbid FerKhujandarqand Hisar alkh Hind MaFIGURE 0.1 m B a S a 60°E AralSea Amu Darya Bukhar h c n e g Ur N N N 44° 40° 36°
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