in partial fulfillment of

85 Pages·2010·12.99 MB·English

A .i1:HO SI k-BEETLE I ?TFESTATIO N
OF DOWN CONIFTRGUS TThff3ER
IN BENTON COUNTY OREGON
by
NORMAN ELDEN JOHNSON
A THESIS
submitted to
OREGON STATE COLLEGE
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
June 1957
&PPROVED:
Redacted for privacy
ProYsor or Forest Management and Head of Department
In Charge of Major
Redacted for privacy
chool Graduate Committee
Redacted for privacy
Dean of Graduate School
Date thesis is presented Noeub
Typed by Nancy Johnson
ACKNO DGMENT
Sincere thanks are extended to all those persons who
helped with this thesis in any way.
Special acknowledgment is made of the following
people for their assistance and cooperation:
Doctors J. R. Dilworth, W. 3. Chamberlin and J. A.
udineky for their assiatence and advice on all phases of
the manuscript, A. C. Van Vilet for his major part in the
ihotorphy, Dr G D Krantz for identifying several
species of mites, R. L. Furniss, K. H. Wrip'ht, B. G
Mitchell and Robert Pooe of the Pacific Northwest Forest
nd Range ExDeriment Station for their valuable suggestions
nd use of material and Dhotographs; Mr. C B Eaton of the
California Forest and Range Exoeriment Station for the use
of a Forest Service ohotograph, B A Reeler whose BaA ger
District was graciously made available for my field study,
P. L. McMullart of British Columbia Forest Produots Ltmited
for th use of his excellent retort even before it was
t)ublished, Dr. Ken graham of the University of British
Columbia, Dr John Chsman of the Dominion Forest Service
arid G. A. Pstterson of Canadian Forest Products Limited
f or their suggestions and encouragement; 3. M. Finnis of
the Dominion Forest Service for supplying me with several
references, and most of all, my thanks to Nancy Johnson
for her patience, ideas and typing.
Particular thanks are extended to those whom I have
undoubtedly, but unintentionally forgotten to mentiou.
TABLE CONTN1S
Subject i-age
Introduction
. . a . a a a 1
-urpose . . . . . 2
;core
. . a * a 2
!conomic importance
4
a a * a a a
.conomic Loss Duae to. D.e.g.ra,de. 4
Extra rosts Due to Quarantine Laa was aand
ub1icpinion a sa a 11
a
Genral Description and Habits of Ambrosia
Beetles
a a a a a a a 13
ggs . . 16
a a a a 0 * a * a a a
Larvae 16
a a a a a a a a a a a
FU , 19
Adultsa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
4labits ariaa a oarca * a * * 19
21
Associated Organiasmas a a a a 30
a a a a a a a a a
Ambrosia Fungi . . . 30
a a a a a
ClassifIcation
31
Description a a a a a a a
33
Transmission aand acraowtha a a 34
a a a a
a.a.*aa a. a
OtherOrganisms 36
lants
36
0 a a a a a a a a a a
Anlrnals
a a a a a a 39
A Review of the Literature concerning I
vention and Control of !r!1brosia Peetles
40
a a a
Non Chemical revent1on and Control 40
a a
-. 40
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
Lumber . . a a a a a a a a 44
Chemical revention and Control 44
a a
irevention in Logs
44
(.ontro1 in Lo a a a a
a . a a a a - a a
revention and Control in .umber
a a
CONTTS
Subject age
Description and Habits of the Species of ambrosia
Beetles which ay Attack Coniferous Tree Species
in Benton 1ounty, Orepon . . 61
a a
Family Platypodidac 64
arni1y Sco1ytide a 0 a 0 a a
a . a a a a a 77
Genis Qthotricu
. 78
a a a
recies retu
Species su1.cati- a * a . a a a
'4
jypQrfl a a a a a a a
Genus end r
a S 0 a a a a a a
leatu-caviron complex
95
riifitarsi-ponderpsae complex
10?
c3erius yebor a -a a 0 * a a a 106
A Study of Aithrosia f3oetle Infestation of Down
Coniferous Timber in 1enton County, Oregon
109
a a a
Description of StWiy area 110
Techniques of Gathering Dataa a a a a a a 111
Corr1icting actore a a a a a a a
113
&nalysls of flata a a a a a a a a a 116
estfl ts of -'tudy na d Aridaitiaonae]a ahsaeravations 120
Percentage of Logs infested 120
e1ativo Intensities of Attacka a a a
121
a
pecies Yreferenoc
123
Diameter and Bark Tha icaknaesasa a. . a, 125
Length of xposure a a 127
.?rientat1on and posaitiaon. a a a a
dditiona1 Information a a a * a a 130
131
a a a a a a
Surary by onus o Ambrosia Beetle
132
a a
Trytodendron aaaaaaaa,.*. 132
natho s a a a a a a
134
Platypus
a a a a a a 0 0 * 0 0 135
Conclusions
a a a a a * a a a a 136
LI ST PT TE
Caption Page
Damage and Work of Ambrosia Beetles . . . . . . . 7
Larvae and Pupa of Qnathotr.chus ulcaus
.
Some Nomenclature . . . . . . . * . . 18
a
Enlarged Gallery and Specimens of Gnathotrichus 24
Trypoder4rpn Laden with Mites
Three Genera of Ambrosia Beetles
66
Ventral and Dorsal Views of P1atyp wilsoril . 69
Male and Female rlatypus wU29*i . . . . 72
Galleries of . wilsoni and Q. ulatus .
76
Ventral and Dorsal Views of Q, guçat
80
Ambrosia Beetle Galleries . 87
Male and 'ema1e Trodedro . 92
*
Ventral and Dorsal Views of Trviodendon . .
?CYlebou and Gnathotrchug , , lO
LST ()J!T&BLT,S
Title
Page
Confidence Interval for Percent of Logs Attacked.
139
Analysis of Variance (Douglas-fir) . . . . . . . 140
Analysis of Varanco (Granu fir)
. . . . a * 142
Analysis of Variance (Western hemlock) . . . . 144
* *
Analysis of Variance (All species) . . . . . . 146
Analysis of Variance to Determine if Felling Time
Influences Attack Intensity in Dougla5-fir . . . . 147
ROSWBETLF INFESTATION
0
DOWN CONTFFBOUS TIMBER
IN BF.NTON COUNTY OREGON
j0DUçTION
Ambrosia beetles are small, cylindrical, elongate,
hard.u.shelled beetles of the families $colytid, and
P]atvodidae, whjch bore into the wood of recerjtlyii'felled
trees, trees on or near the verge of death, green
lumber, and, occasionally, apparently healthy trees.
These beetles, which are about the size of a one
eighth to onequartr-.inch piece of pencil lead, do not
consume the 'wood, but rather use the tree, log or lumbar
as a place of shelter and habitation. For subsistence
they feed on fungi which are transported from host to
host and propagated on especially prepared beds of chips
and excrement. The fungus later occurs throughout the
tunnels and after a while it penetrates the wood
surrounding the tunnel for several millimeters staining
It a dark brown or black.
Pu pose
The main purpose of this study is to determine the
frequency and intensity of ambrosia beetle attack in the
logs of various coniferous trees. Justification of further
work on the damage causec:i by these insects and their con-
trol may rest on the findings of this study.
Aiiother important purpose is to review the literature
concerning ambrosia beetles and to incorporate many of the
important details into this paper so that t will fad
itate future study by serving as a unified reference.
Included in this paper will be descriptions and
habits of the various genera and species of ambrosia
beetles common to Pacific Northwest con&fers, From
existing literature, excerpts of damages control and
other pertinent information will be included in this repor'
From the field studies It Is hoped that enough
information can be obtained to provide answers to the
following questions:
1. What percentage of logs are likely to be
attacked after being exposed to ambrosia
beetles for at least part of one summer,
2. What tree species Is most susceptible to
ambrosia beetle attack,
Do each of the genera of ambrosia beøtles show
a preference for a particular tree species.
4. Does the diameter of the log and thickness
of the bark play any part in the number of
attacks.
Is there any relationship between the number
of attacks and the length of time the logs
have been on the ground.
What are the relative intens: of attack
for each genus.
Does the orientation or position of the log
play any part in attack intensity.
klso to be included will be any other interesting
and pertinent information that has been observed during
the study period.
Although ambrosia beetles will attack almost any
species of tree if the conditions are right, the observa-
tions in this report will be confined to Douglasfir
(Pseudotsu meniesii Mirb. Franco), grand fir (Abtes
grpdi Dougi. Lind.), western hemlock (T8u
eteroDhy1i%
Raft. Sarg.) and western redcedar (Thui ltcat
Donn,).
The field study was conducted near Marys Peak,
Oregon, and although climatic and other conditions here
are similar to those in other parts of ths Douglas-fir
region, findings should be applied with discretion in
other areas, because it 10 possible that the habits of
these insects may vary considerably.