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EFFECT OF NITROGEN LEVELS AND ZINC APPLICATION ON YIELD AND ZINC CONTENT OF DIRECT SEEDED RICE (Oryza sativa L.) THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science (Agriculture) In Agronomy Supervisor Submitted by Dr. S. K. Prasad Rajendra Prasad Meena DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY VARANASI-221005 INDIA I.D. No. A-13013 2015 Enrolment No. 359628 Dr. SAROJ KUMAR PRASAD Ph.D (Agronomy), Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES lL; foKkufoHkkx d`f"kfoKkulaLFkku Ref. No. …………………… Date……………… CERTIFICATE To, The Registrar (Academic) Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005(INDIA). Through: The Head, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Dear Sir, I have great pleasure in forwarding the thesis entitled “Effect of nitrogen levels and zinc application on yield and zinc content in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)”submitted by Mr. Rajendra Prasad Meena, I.D. No. A-13013, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Agriculture) in Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, (U.P.) and placing on record that he has completed the requisite residential requirements as contained in the statutes of the university. I certify that the work has been carried out under my guidance and the data forming the basis of the thesis, to the best of my knowledge are original, genuine and no part of the work has been submitted for any other degree or dissertation. Thanking you, Forwarded by Yours faithfully (S. K. Prasad) Supervisor Varanasi 221005, UP, INDIA T : 91-542-6702420 F : 91-542-2368993 M : 09794112765 E : [email protected] EFFECT OF NITROGEN LEVELS AND ZINC APPLICATION ON YIELD AND ZINC CONTENT IN DIRECT SEEDED RICE (Oryza sativa L.) by Rajendra Prasad Meena Thesis submittedin partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master Of Science (Agriculture) In Agronomy DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY VARANASI-221005 INDIA 2015 THESIS APPROVED BY ADVISORY COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN : Dr. S. K. Prasad Assistant Professor Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi. MEMBERS : Dr. M. K. Singh Assistant Professor Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi. MEMBERS : Dr. P. K. Sharma Associate Professor Department of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi. EXTERNAL EXAMINER: Acknowledgement At the outset, being the student of this great Institute, I bow my head with great reverence to the lotus feet of Bharat Ratan Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya Ji, the founder of the Banaras Hindu University, whose everlasting desire was to serve mankind. I am fortunate to perceive the prodigious path to tread upon precisely through precious guidance in this university. I bow my head before the feet of the “Lord Shiva”, the ‘Almighty’ due to whose blessings I could able to reach at this stage and feel anything in this earth could be possible only with the blessings of this invisible but omnipresent supreme force. At the outset I would like to express my profound sense of reverence and indebtness to my Supervisor, Dr. S. K. Prasad, Assistant professor and Dr. M. K. Singh, Assistant professor Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University for his meticulous guidance, compassionate initiation, congenial discussion, constructive criticism and soothing affection during the course of this investigation and preparation of the is manuscript. It was a matter of sheer luck and opportunity to work under his guidance. I offer my heartfelt gratitude to members of the advisory committee Dr. M. K. Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Dr. P. K. Sharma, Associate professor, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University. I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Avijit Sen, Professor and Head, Department of Agronomy and Dr. Rajendra Prasad Singh, Professor (former head of department), Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, for providing all facilities needed for completion of the research work. I express my sincere thanks to non–teaching staff, of Department of Agronomy Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University and research scholars, of the Department of Agronomy, for their helping hands, encouragement and cooperation during the tenure of my studies and research work. Words with me are insufficient to express my fillings of my heart to acknowledge and gratitude to my beloved mother Smt. Kamali Devi, father Shri. Jodha Ram Meena, Brother, Kailash Chand Meena and Kana Ram Meena, elder sister Smt. Santra Meena and other family members who are providing all kind of help of need. Most of the credit for the present work goes to my friends Shiv Singh Meena, Jagjeet Singh, Mishan Das, Sandeep Sihag, Kiran Hingonia, Ayan Das, Shivam Sukhla, Gangadhar Nanda, shiv Bhadur, Ram singh , Lala Ram, Dharmendra Kumar, Vinod Kumar, Lala Ram, Rajani, Ardith, Surjyoti Pardhan, Geetanjali Singh. Also my juniors Sandeep, Pooja, Savita, khushboo, Surendra, Lekharaj Meena, Akshy Meena. I express my deep and warm feelings of gratitude to my seniors, Mr. Santosh Kumar Meena, Mr. Arup Layak, Ramji Lal Meena, Rajkumar Meena, Mr. Ramesh Kr. Singh, Garuva Kumar, Vishal Taygi for their vital support and sparing their valuable time to complete this manuscript. I record my sincere thanks to all beloved and respected people who helped and could not find separate mentions. I still solicit their benediction to proceed at very step of respected destined life. Last but not the least; I bow my head before the Goddess “Saraswati Mata” seeking her blessing to accomplish the arduous task ahead in my life. Place: Date: (Rajendra Prasad Meena) Department of Agronomy Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 CONTENTS Chapter Description Page No. Chapter I : Introduction 1-7 Chapter II: Review of Literature 8-32 Chapter III: Materials and Methods 33-46 Chapter IV: Experimental Findings 47-70 Chapter V: Discussion 71-79 Chapter VI: Summary and Conclusion 80-83  Bibliography i-x LIST OF SYMBOLS ANDABBREVIATIONS % Per cent Fig. Figure @ At the rate of NS Non-significant oC Degree centigrade DAS Days after sowing m Meter N Nitrogen cm Centimeter P Phosphorus mm Millimeter K Potassium t Tonnes Z Zinc q Quintal B: C Benefit cost ratio kg Kilogram C.D. Critical difference g Gram Max. Maximum ha Hectare Min. Minimum m ha Million hectare No. Number i.e. Id est.(that is) pH Puissance he hydrogen et al. And others SEm+ Standard error of mean viz. Namely / Per e.g. For example hrs Hours d.f. Degree of freedom ` Rupees dSm-1 Decisiemen per meter ha-1 Per hectare EC Electrical conductivity L Litre RDF Recommended dose of fertilizer LIST OF TABLES Table No. Particulars Page No. Table 4.1.1 Effect of N levels and zinc application on plant height 48 (cm). Table 4.1.2 Effect of N levels and zinc application on number of 49 tillers. Table 4.1.2(a) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on 49 number of tillers (running m-1) at 60 DAS. Table 4.1.2(b) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on 49 number of tillers (running m-1) at harvesting. Table 4.1.3 Effect of N levels and zinc application on SPAD 50 value. Table 4.1.3(a) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on 50 SPAD value at 90 DAS Table 4.1.4 Effect of N levels and zinc application on leaf area 51 index (LAI). Table 4.1.5 Effect of N levels and zinc application on fresh weight 51 accumulation of shoots (g running m-1). Table 4.1.5(a) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on 51 fresh weight accumulationof shoot (g running m-1) at harvest Table 4.1.6 Effect of N levels and zinc application on shoot dry 52 matter accumulation (g running m-1). Table 4.1.6 (a) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on 52 shoot dry matter accumulation (g running m-1) at 30 DAS Table 4.1.6 (b) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on 52 shoot dry matter accumulation (g running m-1) at harvest Table 4.1.7 Effect of N levels and zinc application on crop growth 53 rate (CGR) (g running m-1 day-1). Table 4.1.7(a) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on 53 crop growth rate (CGR) (g running m-1day-1) at 30 DAS. Table 4.2.1 Effect of N level and zinc application on yield 56 attributes Table 4.2.1(a) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application 56 oneffective tillers at harvest (running m-1) Table 4.2.1(b) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on 56 panicle length (cm) Table 4.2.1(c) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on 56 panicle weight (g) Table 4.2.2 Effect of N levels and zinc application on yield 58 Table 4.2.2(a) Interaction effect of N level and zinc application on 58 grain yield (kg ha-1) Table 4.3.1 Effect of N level and zinc application on N, 62 phosphorus, potassium and zinc content in grain and straw. Table 4.3.1(a) Interaction effect of N level and zinc application on N 62 content in grain (%) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on Table 4.3.1(b) 62 phosphorus content in grain (%) Table 4.3.1(c) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on 62 zinc content in grain (mg) Table 4.3.2 Effect of N levels and zinc application on N, 66 phosphorus, potassium and zinc uptake ingrain and straw. Table 4.3.2(a) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on N 66 uptake by grain (kg ha-1). Table 4.3.3(b) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on 66 zinc uptake by grain (kg ha-1) Table 4.3.3 Effect of N levels and zinc application on N, 69 phosphorus, potassium and zinc removal (kg ha-1). Table 4.3.3(a) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on N 69 removal (kg ha-1). Table 4.3.3(b) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on 69 potassium removal (kg ha-1). Table 4.4 Effect of N level and zinc fertilization on N& Zn 71 efficiency Table 4.4.1(a) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc fertilization on 71 partial factor productivity of N Table 4.4.1(b) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc fertilization on 71 partial factor productivity of zinc Table 4.4.1(c) Interaction effect of N levels and zinc application on 71 recovery efficiency of N Table 4.5.1 Effect of N level and zinc application on protein 73 content and protein yield Table 4.5.1(a) Interaction effect of N level and zinc application on 73 protein content in grain (%) Table 4.5.1(b) Interaction effect of N level and zinc application on 73 protein yield (kg/ha) Table 4.6.1 Effect of N levels and zinc application on economics 74 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Particulars After Page No. Figure 3.1 Mean standard week-wise meteorological parameters during crop season (Rabi), 2012-13 Figure 3.2 Layout of the experiment Figure 3.3 Effect of nitrogen and zinc fertilization on yield attributes Figure 3.4 Effect of nitrogen and zinc fertilization on yield Figure 3.5 Effect of nitrogen and zinc fertilization on nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc content in grain Figure 3.6 Effect of nitrogen and zinc fertilization on N, P and Zn uptake in grains and straw (Kg ha-1) Figure 3.7 Effect of nitrogen and zinc fertilization on Zn efficiency Figure 3.8 Effect of nitrogen and zinc fertilization on economics

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I have great pleasure in forwarding the thesis entitled “Effect of nitrogen levels and zinc application on yield and zinc content in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa. L.)”submitted by Mr. Rajendra Prasad Meena, I.D. No. A-13013, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Maste