Improving the Efficiency of Engines for Large Nonfighter Aircraft

193 Pages·2007·2.6 MB·English

by  Committee on Analysis of Air Force Engine Efficiency Improvement Options for Large

IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF ENGINES
FOR LARGE NONFIGHTER AIRCRAFT
Committee on Analysis of Air Force Engine Efficiency Improvement Options
for Large Non-fighter Aircraft
Air Force Studies Board
Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Re-
search Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National
Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report
were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Grant F49620-01-1-0269 between the U.S. Air Force and the National Academy of
Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the
author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the
project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-10399-2
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-10399-1
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COMMITTEE ON ANALYSIS OF AIR FORCE ENGINE EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT
OPTIONS FOR LARGE NON-FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
KENNETH E. EICKMANN, Chair, U.S. Air Force (retired)
NATALIE W. CRAWFORD, Vice Chair, The RAND Corporation
DILIP R. BALLAL, University of Dayton, Ohio
MEYER J. BENZAKEIN, Ohio State University
JOHN-PAUL B. CLARKE, Georgia Institute of Technology
DAVID E. (ED) CROW, University of Connecticut
ALAN H. EPSTEIN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
FRANK C. GILLETTE, JR., Independent Consultant
WILFRED GOODSON, STR, L.L.C.
JEFFREY W. HAMSTRA, Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company
S. MICHAEL HUDSON, Independent Consultant
CLYDE KIZER, Airbus Service Company, Inc.
NEIL E. PATON, Liquidmetal Technologies
JONATHAN PROTZ, Duke University
RENE G. RENDON, Naval Postgraduate School
ELI RESHOTKO, Case Western Reserve University (emeritus)
RAYMOND VALEIKA, Independent Consultant
ALAN VAN WEELE, Northrop Grumman
FRANCIS VELDMAN, The Boeing Company
OBAID YOUNOSSI, The RAND Corporation
Staff
JAMES C. GARCIA, Study Director
DANIEL E.J. TALMAGE, JR., Program Officer
CARTER W. FORD, Associate Program Officer
MARTA VORNBROCK, Associate Program Officer
LaNITA R. JONES, Program Associate
LINDSAY D. MILLARD, Research Associate
DIONNA ALI, Anderson Commonweal Intern
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AIR FORCE STUDIES BOARD
LAWRENCE J. DELANEY, Chair, Titan Corporation (retired)
TAYLOR W. LAWRENCE, Vice Chair, Raytheon Company
FRANK J. CAPPUCCIO, Lockheed Martin Corporation
THOMAS DARCY, EADS North America Defense Company
STEVEN D. DORFMAN, Hughes Electronics (retired)
PAMELA A. DREW, Boeing Integrated Defense Systems
KENNETH E. EICKMANN, U.S. Air Force (retired)
JOHN V. FARR, Stevens Institute of Technology
RAND H. FISHER, Titan Corporation
JACQUELINE GISH, Northrop Grumman
KENNETH C. HALL, Duke University
WESLEY L. HARRIS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
LESLIE KENNE, LK Associates
DONALD J. KUTYNA, U.S. Air Force (retired)
GREGORY S. MARTIN, GS Martin Consulting
DEBASIS MITRA, Bell Laboratories
CHANDRA N. KUMAR PATEL, University of California
ROBERT F. RAGGIO, Dayton Aerospace, Inc.
GENE W. RAY, GMT Ventures
LOURDES SALAMANCA-RIBA, University of Maryland
MARVIN R. SAMBUR, Headquarters, U.S. Air Force (retired)
LYLE H. SCHWARTZ, Air Force Office of Scientific Research (retired)
EUGENE L. TATTINI, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Staff
MICHAEL A. CLARKE, Director
JAMES C. GARCIA, Senior Program Officer
DANIEL E.J. TALMAGE, JR., Program Officer
CARTER W. FORD, Associate Program Officer
MARTA VORNBROCK, Associate Program Officer
DETRA BODRICK-SHORTER, Administrative Coordinator
CHRIS JONES, Financial Associate
LaNITA R. JONES, Program Associate
LaSHAWN N. SIDBURY, Program Associate
WILLIAM E. CAMPBELL, Senior Program Associate
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Preface and Acknowledgments
This study was requested by the Secretary of the Air Force and the Commander of the Air Force
Materiel Command to identify opportunities to address the impact of rapidly increasing aircraft fuel
costs. The committee sincerely hopes that this report—the culmination of an extremely focused effort
on a short schedule—will enable the Air Force to make informed decisions on improving fuel efficiency
for the large nonfighter aircraft inventory. We applaud the committee members for their commitment
and diligence, which enabled us to complete the task successfully.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives
and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s
(NRC’s) Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and
critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and
to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the
study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of
the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
James L. Bettner, Propulsion Consultant
Pierre Chao, Center for Strategic and International Studies
Lawrence J. Delaney, Private Consultant
Jack L. Kerrebrock, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
James O’Connor, Pratt & Whitney (retired)
Frank Pickering, GE Aircraft Engines (retired)
Charles F. Tiffany, The Boeing Company (retired)
Robert C. Turnbull, T.K. Engineering Associates, Inc.
Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they
were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the
report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by William G. Agnew, General Motors
(retired), NAE. Appointed by the NRC, he was responsible for making certain that an independent
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examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review
comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely
with the authoring committee and the institution.
The committee acknowledges and appreciates the contribution of the members of the Air Force
Studies Board (AFSB) of the NRC for developing the study statement of task in concert with the Air
Force sponsor. The AFSB was established in 1996 by the National Academies at the request of the
United States Air Force. The AFSB brings to bear broad military, industrial, and academic scientific,
engineering, and management expertise on Air Force technical challenges and other issues of importance
to senior Air Force leaders. The board discusses potential studies of interest, develops and frames study
tasks, ensures proper project planning, suggests potential committee members and reviewers for reports
produced by fully independent ad hoc study committees, and convenes meetings to examine strategic
issues. The board members listed on page vi were not asked to endorse the committee’s conclusions or
recommendations, nor did they review the final draft of this report before its release, although board
members with appropriate expertise may be nominated to serve as formal members of study committees
or as report reviewers.
The committee is very grateful to the Air Force for its dedicated support throughout the study and
for the efforts of National Research Council staff members Michael Clarke, Jim Garcia, Daniel Talmage,
Carter Ford, Marta Vornbrock, Detra Bodrick-Shorter, LaNita Jones, LaShawn Sidbury, Bill Campbell,
Lindsay Millard, and Dionna Ali.
Kenneth E. Eickmann, Chair
Natalie W. Crawford, Vice Chair
Committee on Analysis of Air Force
Engine Efficiency Improvement Options
for Large Non-fighter Aircraft
viii
Contents
SUMMARY 1
1 INTRODUCTION 7
Study Origin, 7
Overview of Air Force Fuel Consumption and Cost Structure, 7
Lessons Learned from Previous Re-engining Programs, 11
Commercial Re-engining Programs, 11
Military Re-engining Programs, 11
Complexity of Re-engining Aircraft, 11
Program Schedule and Cost, 12
Potential for Future Re-engining Programs, 12
Force Structure for Future Study, 13
Additional Context, 13
Previous Re-engining Studies, 13
Air Force Scientific Advisory Board Study on Technology Options for
Improved Air Vehicle Fuel Efficiency, 14
Summary, 17
References, 17
2 SELECTION OF CANDIDATES 18
Determining Factors, 18
Fleet Size, 18
Length of Service in Inventory, 18
Fuel Consumption Rate, 20
Aircraft Utilization Rate, 20
Maintenance and Support Costs, 21
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