Improving Crop Resistance to Abiotic Stress (vol. 1-2)

1460 Pages·2012·11.87 MB·English

by  N. Tuteja

Edited by
Narendra Tuteja,
Sarvajeet Singh Gill,
Antonio F. Tiburcio, and
Renu Tuteja
Improving Crop Resistance
to Abiotic Stress
Related Titles
Meksem,K., Kahl, G.(eds.) Jenks, M. A.,Wood, A.J.(eds.)
TheHandbookofPlantMutation Genes for Plant Abiotic Stress
Screening
2009
MiningofNaturalandInducedAlleles ISBN:978-0-8138-1502-2
2010
Yoshioka, K., Shinozaki, K.(eds.)
ISBN:978-3-527-32604-4
Signal Crosstalk in Plant Stress
Hirt,H. (ed.)
Responses
Plant Stress Biology
2009
FromGenomicstoSystemsBiology ISBN:978-0-8138-1963-1
2010
Kahl, G.,Meksem,K.(eds.)
ISBN:978-3-527-32290-9
The Handbook of Plant
Hayat, S., Mori,M.,Pichtel, J.,
Functional Genomics
Ahmad, A.(eds.)
ConceptsandProtocols
Nitric Oxide in Plant Physiology
2008
2010 ISBN:978-3-527-31885-8
ISBN:978-3-527-32519-1
Edited by Narendra Tuteja,
Sarvajeet Singh Gill,
Antonio F. Tiburcio, and
Renu Tuteja
Improving Crop Resistance
to Abiotic Stress
Volume 1
TheEditors LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisher
andauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook,
theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttothe
Dr.NarendraTuteja
accuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookand
InternationalCenterforGeneticEngineering specificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantability
andBiotechnology(ICGEB) orfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantycanbecreated
ArunaAsafAliMarg. orextendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensalesmaterials.
NewDelhi110067 TheAdviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbe
India suitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwitha
professionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernor
Dr.SarvajeetSinghGill authorsshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyother
InternationalCenterforGeneticEngineering commercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,
andBiotechnology(ICGEB) incidental,consequential,orotherdamages.
ArunaAsafAliMarg
NewDelhi110067 LibraryofCongressCardNo.: appliedfor
India
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritish
Prof.AntonioF.Tiburcio
Library.
UniversitatdeBarcelona
FacultatdeFarmacia Bibliographicinformationpublishedby
Av.JoanXXIII,S/N
theDeutscheNationalbibliothek
08028Barcelona
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationinthe
Spain
DeutscheNationalbibliografie;detailedbibliographicdataare
availableontheInternetathttp://dnb.d-nb.de.
Dr.RenuTuteja
InternationalCenterforGeneticEngineering #2012Wiley-VCHVerlag&Co.KGaA,
andBiotechnology(ICGEB) Boschstr.12,69469Weinheim,Germany
ArunaAsafAliMarg
NewDelhi110067 Wiley-BlackwellisanimprintofJohnWiley&Sons,formedby
India themergerofWiley’sglobalScientific,Technical,andMedical
businesswithBlackwellPublishing.
PictureCreditsforCover
Allrightsreserved(includingthoseoftranslation
WheatFieldDetail,PhotoDisc,Inc. intootherlanguages).Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced
CottonPlant,PhotoDisc,Inc./GettyImages inanyform–byphotoprinting,microfilm,oranyothermeans
Womanworkinginricepaddy,China,CorbisDigitalStock –nortransmittedortranslatedintoamachinelanguage
Earofcorn,CorbisDigitalStock withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublishers.Registered
Sunflowers,CorbisDigitalStock names,trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook,evenwhennot
TeaHarvestinChina,PhotoDisc,Inc./GettyImages specificallymarkedassuch,arenottobeconsidered
PotatoSacks,PhotoDisc,Inc./GettyImages unprotectedbylaw.
Canola,©LianeM-Fotolia.com
AbioticstresstoleranceQTLsmappedonthebarleygenome, Composition ThomsonDigital,Noida,India
excerpt,forfurtherinformationseeFig34.1.
PrintingandBinding StraussGmbH,Mörlenbach
CoverDesign AdamDesign,Weinheim
PrintedintheFederalRepublicofGermany
Printedonacid-freepaper
PrintISBN: 978-3-527-32840-6
ePDFISBN: 978-3-527-63294-7
oBookISBN: 978-3-527-63293-0
V
Foreword I
Weareguestsofgreenplantsonthisplanet.Plantsareasourceoffood,fiber,and
materials for shelter. Ornamental plants contribute to our esthetic environment.
Numerous plants are sources of pharmaceuticals. Our civilization developed pro-
gressivelyafterthedomesticationofplantsabout10000yearsago.Sincethenplants
wereconstantlyimprovedthroughconsciousandunconsciousselectionbyancient
farmers for more than 9000 years. During the last century, crop improvement
becameascientificendeavoraftertherediscoveryofMendel’slawsofinheritance.
Thescienceofgeneticsprovidedmanyadditionstoplantbreeder’stoolkitandmajor
advancesinfoodproductionweremade.GreenRevolutionisashiningexampleof
theseadvances.Ithasbeenpossibletofeed6billionofEarth’sinhabitants.
Humanpopulationcontinuestoincreaseunabated.Itisestimatedthattherewill
be 9 billion people on this planet in 2050 and this will require doubling of food
production.Tomeetthischallenge,wemustincreasetheyieldpotentialofourfood
crops and close the yield gap. The average yield of most crops is about half their
potentialyield. Forexample,yieldpotential ofriceis10tonha(cid:2)1, butfarmerson
averageharvestabout5tonha(cid:2)1.Thisyieldgapisduetolossescausedbybioticand
abioticstresses.Abioticstressesincludedrought,submergence,salinity,andunfa-
vorabletemperatures.
Verylittleprogresshasbeenmadeindevelopingcropswithtolerancetoabiotic
stresses through conventional breeding approaches. Breakthroughs in molecular
biologyandbiotechnologyhaveprovidednewtoolssuchasmolecularmarker-aided
selection (MAS) and genetic engineering. These technologies have opened new
avenuesfordevelopingcropswithtolerancetoabioticstresses.
Editors of this volume have done an admirable job of assembling a wealth of
information on these new approaches for crop improvement. They have sought
contributionsfromknowledgeableauthorsfromallovertheworld.Thenumberof
crops included in the volume is comprehensive. These include grain, oil, fruits,
vegetable,andornamentalcropsandsugarcane,tea,tobacco,andcassava.Several
chaptersprovideoverviewoflatestadvancesinmolecularbiologysuchasgenomics,
transcriptomics,proteomics,andmetabolomics,collectivelycalled‘‘omics.’’Thereis
VI ForewordI
anexcellentchapterontheroleofplanttransportersinabioticstresstolerance.The
chapteronimprovingcropproductivityunderchangingenvironmentisawelcome
additioninviewofconcernsabouttheimpactofclimatechangeoncropproductivity.
Thiscomprehensivevolumeshouldproveusefulforbasicresearchers,plantscien-
tists,andstudentsinterestedincropimprovement,aswellasteachers.
Iwouldliketocongratulatetheeditorsfortheirlaborofloveforpreparingthis
valuablescientificresource.
UniversityofCalifornia GurdevS.Khush,FRS
Davis,California,USA
VII
Foreword II
Togetherwithotherphotosyntheticorganisms,plantsaretheprimaryproducersand
the foundation of the global biogeochemical cycles that sustain terrestrial life. As
such, plants are also the main biological resource for humans by providing food,
feed,andvarious biomaterialssuchasoils,fibers,and wood.Taking intoaccount
population growth, urbanization, climate change, and the limitation of natural
resources,globalfoodsecurityhasbecomeastrategicchallengejusthalfacentury
afterthe‘‘GreenRevolution.’’Thereisaneedforhigherstabilityofyieldtoensure
global food security and repartitioning and lowering the prices of plant products.
Moreover, the need to cut CO emissions and the foreseeable end of the oil era
2
makes the transition from conventional fossil fuels to alternative and renewable
resourcesapriority,resultinginagrowingdemandforplantbiomassforalternative
energiesandgreenchemistry.
Agricultureisalsochallengedbyincreasingurbanizationandindustrialpollution,
resultingintheoverexploitationoffossilresources,water,andarableland.Seventy
percentoffreshwaterisusedforirrigation,makingwateroneofthemostcritical
parametersinplantproduction.Thepredictionsinclimatechangeforthiscentury
areestimatedtofurthernegativelyaffectwatersuppliesandagriculturalproductivity
leadingtothepotentialamplificationofcatastrophicincidents.Fortypercentofthe
Earth’s land surface is now used for agriculture. However, this area cannot be
enlarged and instead, we foresee a reduction in arable land due to urbanization,
pollution,andclimatechangeinthenextdecades.Ifthiswasnotenough,theworld
populationwillreach9.2billionby2050,revealingthatfoodproductionwillhaveto
doubleandfarmproductivitytoincreaseby1.75%eachyear.
Inthefaceofthesechallenges,thereisanurgentneedtodevelopnewcroplines
thatcanperformbetterbutunderconditionsoflesswater,lessnutrientinputs,and
bybetterwithstandingabioticandbioticstresses.Thisbook,editedbyDrs.Narendra
Tuteja,SarvajeetSinghGill,AntonioF.Tiburcio,andRenuTuteja,comesattheright
time to tackle the problems plants face under abiotic stress conditions and will
clearlybeofmajorvalueforresearchersandbreeders.Theeditorshaveachievedto
assembleanumberofexpertsthatsharetheirknowledgeinaverycomplementary
VIII ForewordII
way.Thevolumetherebyprovidesbothanexcellentoverviewandadetailedaccount
ofthefieldofplantabioticstressresponsemechanisms.Importantly,thecontribu-
tions range from established concepts in model plants to applied questions in
specific crops. The book thereby will enlighten readers of various disciplines and
atvariouslevels,bridgingtextbookknowledgetoapplication.
Paris HeribertHirt
IX
Contents
Foreword I V
Foreword II VII
Preface XXV
List of Contributors, Vol. I XXIX
Volume 1
PartI IntroductiontoPlantAbioticStreesResponse 1
1 Understandingthe‘‘Commoneome’’OperativeinPlants
inResponsetoVariousAbioticStresses 3
HemantR.Kushwaha,SnehL.Singla-Pareek,SudhirK.Sopory,
andAshwaniPareek
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Genomics-BasedStudiesintheModelDicotPlants 5
1.2.1 Arabidopsis 5
1.2.2 CommonIcePlant 7
1.2.3 Tomato 7
1.3 Genomics-BasedStudiesintheModelMonocotPlants 8
1.3.1 Rice 8
1.3.2 Maize 8
1.3.3 Sorghum 9
1.4 SaltStress-RelatedTranscriptomeChangesAcrossDiverse
Genera 9
1.5 InvestigatingtheSalinityStress-Related‘‘Fingerprints’’ 10
1.5.1 StressPerceptionandSignaling 10
1.5.2 GeneRegulation 11
1.6 ProteinsRelatedtoGeneralMetabolism 12
1.7 Stress-InducedProteinswithSomeProtectiveFunctions 12
1.8 ProteinsRelatedtoMaintenanceofOsmoticHomeostasis 13
1.9 ProteinwithUnknownFunction 13
1.10 AnalysisofStressTranscriptomefromotherPlantSpecies 14
X Contents
1.11 Conclusions 19
References 21
2 AbioticStressToleranceinPlants:AnIndustryPerspective 27
ShobaSivasankar,RobertW.Williams,andThomasW.Greene
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 GeneDiscoveryandGenomicsinthePlantBiotechnologyIndustry 30
2.2.1 ForwardGeneticScreensUsingModelSpecies 30
2.2.2 FunctionalGeneClassesandFamilies 32
2.2.3 Knowledge-BasedGeneDiscovery 34
2.2.4 DirectedMolecularEvolution 35
2.2.5 GlobalProfiling 35
2.2.6 ComparativeGenomics 37
2.2.7 ComputationalBiology 38
2.3 High-ThroughputPhenotypingandPhenomics 38
2.4 RecentBreakthroughsinAbioticStressToleranceinthePlant
BiotechnologyIndustry 43
2.5 ConclusionsandFuturePerspectives 45
References 45
3 GenerationandScavengingofReactiveOxygenSpecies
inPlantsunderStress 49
SarvajeetSinghGill,LamabamPeterSingh,RituGill,andNarendraTuteja
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 ROSProduction 51
3.3 ROSScavenging 54
3.3.1 EnzymaticAntioxidants 54
3.3.2 NonenzymaticAntioxidants 57
3.4 TransgenicApproachinROSToxicityinPlants 58
3.5 Conclusions 61
References 62
4 SalinityStress:AMajorConstraintinCropProduction 71
NarendraTuteja,LamabamPeterSingh,SarvajeetSinghGill,RituGill,
andRenuTuteja
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 EffectsonPlantGrowthandDevelopment 73
4.3 IonicStress 74
4.3.1 IonSelectivity 75
4.3.2 NaþExclusion 75
4.3.3 NaþSequestration 75
4.4 OsmoticStress 76
4.4.1 OsmoticAdjustment 76
4.5 SaltStress-InducedProteins 81
4.6 OxidativeStress 82