Improvement of Silicone Rubber for High Voltage Applications by Addition of Fillers

176 Pages·2016·5.98 MB·English

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Improvement of Silicone Rubber
for High Voltage Applications by
Addition of Fillers
Doctoral Thesis
Author(s):
Ansorge, Samuel
Publication date:
2015
Permanent link:
https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010577999
Rights / license:
In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted
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Samuel Ansorge
Improvement of Silicone Rubber
for High Voltage Applications by
Addition of Fillers
Diss. ETH NO. 22763

Diss. ETH NO. 22763

Improvement of Silicone Rubber for High Voltage Applications by
Addition of Fillers

A thesis submitted to attain the degree of

DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZURICH

(Dr. sc. ETH Zurich)

presented by

SAMUEL ANSORGE

Dipl. El.-Ing. ETH Zurich

Born on 08.02.1970

citizen of Buochs(NW), Switzerland

accepted on the recommendation of

Prof. Dr. S.E. Pratsinis, examiner
Prof. Dr. C. Franck, co-examiner
Dr. K.O. Papailiou, co-examiner

2015
Das Denken lernen wir,
indem wir auf das achten,
was es zu bedenken gibt.

Martin Heidegger
V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Sotiris E. Pratsinis for his continuous support,
patience und valuable suggestions. A good basis of trust is absolutely essential for the successful
finalisation of the work, especially in an external dissertation. I would also like to thank Prof.
Dr. Christian Franck for the valuable suggestions while completing my thesis. My special thanks
go to Dr. Konstantin O. Papailiou, who not only motivated me to start a thesis and enabled it
in the environment of the company Pfisterer during his professional career, but also supported
and encouraged me during the whole execution.
Tremendously valuable was the support of the Institute of Process Engineering, particularly the
particle Technology Laboratory. I highly appreciated the assistance I received from all the team
members, particularly Dr. Adrian Camenzind and Dr. George Sotiriou.
Furthermore, the work of students doing their bachelor and master thesis like Ihab Moustafa
and Donovan Chie provided a valuable contribution. Sample preparation and imaging of SEM
were done by Dr. Joakim Reuteler, Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy
(ScopeM), ETH Zurich.
Many thanks also to the various colleagues in our company such as Dr. Frank Schmuck, Joanne
Favre-Bulle and Shaun Aitken, who assisted in conducting the measurements and many valuable
scientific discussions held.
Last but not least, the most special thanks belong to my family, especially my wife and the
children, who allowed me to sacrifice a substantial amount of spare time to work on the thesis.
VI
VII

CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS IX
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG XI
SUMMARY XV 

INTRODUCTION 1
1 GENERAL 1
2 COMPOSITE INSULATORS 1
3 CABLE ACCESSORIES 5
4 SILICONE RUBBER 6
5 SCOPE OF WORK 8
6 METHODS 10
6.1 Tracking and Erosion Experiments 10
6.2 Additional Methods 12
7 PUBLICATIONS 12
8 CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL AUTHORS 12
9 REFERENCES 14
PUBLICATIONS 17
CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 89
REFERENCES 93
APPENDIX A 95
1 MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTS 96
1.1 Materials and Sample Preparation 96
1.2 Modified Inclined Plane Testing 96
1.3 Thermal Analysis 97
2 RESULTS 97
3 DISCUSSION 101
4 CONCLUSION 102
5 REFERENCES 103
APPENDIX B 105
STRUCTURE OF POLYMER IN THE INTERPHASE BETWEEN FILLERS 106
REFERENCES 108
APPENDIX C 109
ABSTRACT 109
1 INTRODUCTION 110
2 FUNDAMENTALS 111
2.1 Models of nanocomposites 111
2.2 Electrical Field 113
2.3 Electrical breakdown models 117
VIII

3 REVIEW OF PERMITTIVITY 124
4 REVIEW OF DIELECTRIC STRENGTH 125
4.1 Tests under DC voltage and impulses 125
4.2 Tests under AC voltage 129
4.3 Conclusion of Review 134
5 OWN EXPERIMENTS 137
5.1 Materials and sample preparation 137
5.2 Test Procedure 138
5.2.1 Statistical Description 138
5.2.2 Test Set-up 143
5.2.3 Influence of water 144
5.3 Results and discussion 145
5.4 Conclusion 147
6 REFERENCES 149
CURRICULUM VITAE 155
LIST OF PUPLICATIONS 157
IX

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC Alternating current PMHS Polymethylhydrosiloxane
Al O Aluminium oxide PP Polypropylene
2 2
AlO(OH) Boehmite RTV Room temperature
Arc test Low current dry arc test vulcanizing silicone rubber
according IEC 61621 SEM Scanning electron
ATH Aluminium trihydrate microscope
CaCO Calcium carbonate SiO Silicon dioxide
3 2
DC Direct current SR Silicone Rubber
E-Modul Elastizitätsmodul SSA Specific surface area
EPDM Ethylene propylene diene TGA Thermogravimetric analysis
monomer TiO Titanium dioxide
2
EVA Ethylene-vinyl acetate TSC Thermally stimulated current
HCR High Consistency Rubber VTMS Vinyltrimethoxysilane
HMDS Hexamethyldisilazane XLPE Cross-linked polyethylene
IPT Inclined plane test according
IEC 60587 or ASTM 2303
LDPE Low-density polyethylene
LMW Low molecular weight
LOI Limiting oxygen index
MgO Magnesium oxide
MTMS Methyltrimethoxysilane
NO Nitrogen dioxide
2
PA Polyamide
PDMS Polydimethylsiloxane
PE Polyethylene
PEA Pulsed electro-acoustic
PMDMS Polymethylhydro-
dimethylsiloxane