Importation of fresh Cichorium endivia and C. intybus for consumption from Ecuador and Nicaragua into the United States : qualitative, pathway-initiated pest risk assessment

28 Pages·1996·6.4 MB·English

by  Lightfield, John

Historic, Archive Document
Do not assume content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.

mm §6aSB351
.E58L54
1996
jj
ir
if
i. ae pears on e 4 Ms ¢ i
i{ G a r n La Galore aat Bi ake Vin aaa:P ,a w p ae diegto i j iS 4 7F J o 4sfi aW a tDes sa sValais h i
ay ere Bevo cdan
p DSCAAL DRaEN RlA Dl NaaDN nW AL S oeirdle eey y ah
dD

Page 1 of 10
Importation of Fresh Cichorium endivia and C. intybus for Consumption From Ecuador
and Nicaragua
into the United States
Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessment
March 1996 \.S.D.A., NAL
apr 06 2000
cataloging Prep
Agency Contact:
Biological Assessment and Taxonomic Support
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
4700 River Road, Unit 133
Riverdale, MD 20737-1236
A. Introduction
This pest risk assessment was prepared by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to examine plant pest risks associated with the
_ http://www.aphis.usda. gov/ppq/bats/bant/ecuacich.htm] 7/22/99
*
A

«3
Page 2 of 10
importation into the United States of fresh Cichorium endivia (chicory root, escarole) and C. intybus
(endive, radicchio) grown in Ecuador and Nicaragua. This is a qualitative pest risk assessment, that is,
estimates of risk are expressed in qualitative terms such as high or low as opposed to a quantitative
risk assessment which expresses risk in numerical terms such as probabilities or frequencies.
International plant protection organizations (e.g. , North American Plant Protection Organization
(NAPPO) and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provide guidance for
conducting pest risk analyses. The methods we used to initiate, conduct, and report this plant pest risk
assessment are consistent with guidelines provided by NAPPO and FAO. Our use of biological and
phytosanitary terms (e.g. , introduction, quarantine pest) conforms with the NAPPO Compendium of
Phytosanitary Terms (NAPPO 1995) and the Definitions and Abbreviations (Introduction Section)
in International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, Section 1--Import Regulations: Guidelines for
Pest Risk Analysis (FAO 1995).
Pest risk assessment is one component of an overall pest risk analysis. The Guidelines for Pest Risk
Analysis provided by FAO (1995) describe three stages in pest risk analysis. This document
satisfies the requirements of FAO Stages 1 (initiation) and 2 (risk assessment).
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 1995) defines "pest risk assessment" as
"Determination of whether a pest is a quarantine pest and evaluation of its introduction potential".
"Quarantine pest" is defined as "A pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered
thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed and being officially controlled"
(FAO, 1995; NAPPO, 1995). Thus, pest risk assessments should consider both the likelihood and
consequences of introduction of quarantine pests. Both issues are addressed in this qualitative pest
risk assessment.
This document presents the findings of our qualitative plant pest risk assessment. We have not
described in detail our assessment methods or the criteria we used to rate the various risk elements.
Details of our methodology and rating criteria can be found in our "template" document: Pathway-
Initiated Pest Risk Assessment: Guidelines for Qualitative Assessments, Version 4.0 (USDA,
1995); to obtain a copy of our template, contact the individual named in the proposed regulations.
B. Risk Assessment
1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action
This pest risk assessment is commodity-based, and therefore "pathway-initiated"; we initiated the
assessment in response to the request for USDA authorization to allow imports of a particular
commodity presenting a potential plant pest risk. In this case, the importation of fresh Cichorium
endivia and C. intybus leaves, stems, and roots grown in Ecuador and Nicaragua into the U.S. is a
potential pathway for introduction of plant pests. Quarantine 56 (7 CFR §319.56) provides USDA,
APHIS regulatory authority for importation of fruits and vegetables.
Cichorium is but one of about 1314 genera within the family Asteraceae. There are about 8 species
in the genus. Two species, Cichorium intybus and C. endivia are used as salad greens. The roots of
C. endivia may be roasted for a coffee substitute, or dried for medicinal use.
2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Cichorium
Table 1 shows the results of our weediness screening for Cichorium . These findings did not require
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/bats/bant/ecuacich.html UW22/99
ri Dein mogfurS s devit 10 cate: —
Heo ) bd! antl ae tt wt by a Aue, nit
af. fou’ enmyl ovieiagg mr pis :
‘ : ‘
troy leotvacget i Yer? Sakae 4w i ,
ejirand rim vo) ieee eee sevgeaey trawl
'
avuieg1© onntvohgd: hstt boo) aorsrailt Tay ol he
r lastin of boou sw ead par) oats an a9 @
Loving ner iigte ty a Sean
q rng | daetapet ‘ori Sa) SFr 7 i
y (2004 TOA ay, a|
a f yt wel or, Jowdaee??. ‘i
yy,i d t Ra x OWN
iia le sare pata id as itaeaae
edi n ti yom! otrime sd | Or DAT yaltabtve q
)\ ben (rodetinky ( eagee OA is ae
y
(7001 OA: che keee wt wipora AS 1%.
beet ng oq alherenpd al + satfieniee be mpi
: pytoge lnijydeg lo eg AY an Gi eee
q
ff dj oy To riot Fee ae
HK yee rs og atl (208, SPAS
y
yh r Doll .2heeq oop to nell sired le
“sy
-
; me 5 )= r Tiegis aio SCeieliBonO pc h1o0d i1e6 d2 ama neet ean s‘istweras yte
=
> ai th 20 ABO Diol BINT Org* Nae
AVZeSETA wutyetilietd sol eaniieee) shaw <i oA
is
+ .
4 WiDnt of) anne stolny No) wets aane
F es 8 ,
. noieA boengov't;
ttpat wy r sintewey!) he boas y hone sp iee ee
rex oils of aouMenignhne ACIS Ww hala silt ol
enfin of) ees> eiit.nd aandeod mewz at]f eiimsicny &
int
eee si {ia (Oly e. niive¢or 4 nO i iii Heit ue :
: ‘ pa}
As i HIT) 02 saliva atesy tneie le ee
asl soy ONG uth le soinh
ony 28930 pate ¢lintisal orf) nid ive
bilez es boerom tla D had oe
tau lanoihenm whhenh iw Aruibreduse a
ihn oat dune rf
Aisy\4)) ' —‘ 4
2
Vea
OAC Ta
Page 3 of 10
us to initiate a pest-initiated pest risk assessment.
Table 1: Process for Determining Weediness Potential of Commodity
Commodity: Cichorium spp.
Phase 1: C. intybus, C. intybus var. foliosum and C. endivia are all established in the
U.S.
Phase 2: Is the species listed in:
Yes Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm, 1979)
No World's Worst Weeds (Holm, 1977)
Yes Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds; Exotic Weeds for Federal
Noxious Weed Act (Gunn & Ritchie, 1982)
Yes Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977)
Yes Weed Science Society of America list (WSSA, 1989)
Yes Is there any literature reference indicating weediness (e.g. , AGRICOLA , CAB , Biological
Abstracts , AGRIS' ; search on "species name" combined with "weed").
Phase 3: Conclusion:
The literature search yielded several articles concerning C. intybus and C. endivia_ as weeds.
However, the two species are too well established and widespread in the U.S. to be considered as
candidates for the Federal noxious weed list. The Geographical Atlas of World Weeds lists C.
pumilum as a principal weed of Israel, a common weed of Egypt and Lebanon; and, C. spinosum
is listed as weed in Greece.
3. Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status and Pest Interceptions
3a. Decision history for Cichorium :
Cuba - 1926. Cichorium intybus_ - entry permitted subject to inspection.
Colombia - 1956. Cichorium spp. - entry permitted subject to inspection.
Belize - 1963. Cichorium spp. - entry permitted subject to inspection.
Chile - 1980. Cichorium spp. - entry permitted subject to inspection.
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/bats/bant/ecuacich.html 7/22/99
sil
v) “a
an
vilbomucotDo laine
phen
yi) m bortaildgres Tas ‘clvibirs 5)b its joan nasaberk ome apes 3
natb aled esiooge 9
(C52! ,otloH) chee’ five oea ntth, be
(TTS ent
ch lve tl aye, otpasligua el ax une ) WaAbiest We
(Le) best eg) ek ae
Leas) Wesabe, gf
(eo hae $F} =
(UAC) Adgerl) @t a roma, Te yaoi ‘
i. BRE. mA) —wh, gb) afautiooew eniisaibia jataianal
‘boaw ” (iow buordinos “senga zolsdqne" to domaay yh,
*
alan minibus 2 but akin) 3 getimigono9 esloing lmpyor boblawis
an ly; iw) od oF 7") oft of had mgqasbiw Dirte barlellduizs Taw Oo} o18 esta {
cil else W bho Yo antl levidqurgorD oT Jeil beew eneixon levebet ae
MOS >) bets sonadet Bap i¢ v4 ‘] to hoow norimnes s Jsgval to boaw leqioni r s
RIED ore
euulicgeyiatad 1294 One eins? tort pisomees .
dt fi at. og ta hent
— mee 7a e
i ce
o Sr ss ie
car« r if “ 5 = 7 a 4
Te J i} oea 7 i
a)
ed a ‘a a n
3 j 7