Implicit person models guide online action observation. PDF
Preview Implicit person models guide online action observation.
The things you do: Implicit person models guide online action observation. by Kimberley Caroline Schenke School of Psychology Faculty of Health and Human Sciences A thesis submitted to Plymouth University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy February 2017 0 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author’s prior consent. 1 Acknowledgements I would, first, like to thank my family for their unwavering love and support throughout this process. Second, I would like to thank my fellow Teaching and Research Associates who provided not just support as colleagues, but also friendship and laughter - I’ve very much enjoyed these last five years working together. Third, I would like to thank Martyn Atkins for his programming skills with the Microsoft Kinect Sensor for Experiment 4. Finally, I would like to thank my supervisors Dr. Natalie Wyer and Dr. Patric Bach who have provided support, encouragement and inspiration throughout this process. Both have been an absolute pleasure to work with and excellent role models for a career in research. 2 Author's Declaration At no time during the registration for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy has the author been registered for any other University award without prior agreement of the Graduate Committee. The experiments presented within this thesis all received independent ethical approval from Plymouth University, Faculty of Science Human Ethics Committee and Faculty of Health and Human Sciences Ethics Committee and were carried out under full compliance with the British Psychological Society’s ethical guidelines. This study was financed with the aid of a studentship alongside a teaching role from the school of psychology at Plymouth University. In addition, a bursary was awarded to attend the Visceral Mind Course at Bangor University in September 2013, and a bursary was awarded to attend the BACN annual conference in September 2014. A partial bursary was also awarded to attend the BACN annual conference in September 2016. The research in this thesis has been presented at various relevant conferences and one paper based on the research in this thesis has been published in a peer-reviewed journal (see Appendix). 3 Publications Schenke, K. C., Wyer, N. A., & Bach, P. (2016). The Things You Do: Internal Models of Others’ Expected Behaviour Guide Action Observation. PLoS One, 11(7), e0158910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158910 Wyer, N. A., & Schenke, K. C. (2016). Just you and I: The role of social exclusion in the formation of interpersonal relationships. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 65, 20-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.02.007 Joyce, K., Schenke, K., Bayliss, A., & Bach, P. (2015). Looking ahead: Anticipatory cueing of attention to objects others will look at. Cognitive Neuroscience, July, p1-8. DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2015.1053443 Oral presentations Schenke, K. C., Wyer, N., & Bach, P. (2016). The Social Anticipation Model. Integration of person-, situation and action-specific knowledge to make predictions. PsyPag, University of York, York, UK. Schenke, K. C., Wyer, N., & Bach, P. (2014). I know what you will do. Observers implicitly predict future actions from past behaviour patterns. Staff and postgraduate conference, Plymouth University, Plymouth UK. Schenke, K. C., Wyer, N., & Bach, P. (2012). How does embodied knowledge affect our ability to predict others’ behaviour and through what mechanisms? Plymouth University postgraduate conference. Plymouth UK. 4 Poster presentations Schenke, K. C., Wyer, N., & Bach, P. (2016). The things you do: Implicit person- models guide action predictions. British Association of Cognitive Neuroscience, The Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. Schenke, K. C., Wyer, N., & Bach, P. (2016). The things you do: observers implicitly predict actions based on past behaviour patterns. The Cognition Institute conference, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK. Schenke, K. C., Wyer, N., & Bach, P. (2016). The things you do: observers implicitly predict actions based on past behaviour patterns. ESCAN, Porto, Portugal. Schenke, K. C., Wyer, N., & Bach, P. (2015). I know what you will do. Observers implicitly predict behaviour based on past actions in a person and object specific manner. Outcome prediction in attention, learning and cognitive control, University of Oxford, Oxford. Schenke, K. C., Wyer, N., & Bach, P. (2015). I know what you will do. Observers implicitly predict behaviour based on past actions in a person and object specific manner. Staff and postgraduate conference, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK. Schenke, K. C., Wyer, N., & Bach, P. (2014). I know what you will do. Observers implicitly integrate object and action information to predict forthcoming actions. Staff and postgraduate conference, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK. Schenke, K. C., Wyer, N., & Bach, P. (2014). I know what you will do. Observers implicitly integrate object and action information to predict forthcoming actions. British Association of Cognitive Neuroscience, York University, York, UK. 5 Schenke, K. C., Bach, P., & Wyer, N. (2014). I know what you will do. Intentional relations implicitly predict future actions from past behaviour patterns. Vision leads to action conference, Birmingham University, Birmingham, UK Schenke, K. C., Wyer, N., & Bach, P. (2013). Implicit use of prior knowledge to predict others’ behaviour. Concepts, Actions, and Objects (CAOS) functional and neural perspectives workshop, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy. Schenke, K. C., Wyer, N., & Bach, P. (2013). Is embodied knowledge about others used to predict their behaviour? Cognition Institute conference, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK. Schenke, K. C., Wyer, N., & Bach, P. (2013). Is embodied knowledge about others used to predict their behaviour? Staff and postgraduate conference, Plymouth University, Plymouth UK. Schenke, K. C., Wyer, N., & Bach, P. (2012). Is embodied knowledge about others used to predict their behaviour? Staff and postgraduate conference, Plymouth University, Plymouth UK. Word Count for the main body of the thesis: 56485 Signed………………………………………………………………………. Date: 14.02.17 6 Abstract The things you do: Implicit person models guide online action observation by Kimberley Caroline Schenke Social perception is dynamic and ambiguous. Whilst previous research favoured bottom-up views where observed actions are matched to higher level (or motor) representations, recent accounts suggest top-down processes where prior knowledge guides perception of others’ actions, in a predictive manner. This thesis investigated how person-specific models of others’ typical behaviour in different situations are reactivated when they are re-encountered and predict their actions, using strictly controlled computer-based action identification tasks, event -related potentials (ERPs), as well as recording participants’ actions via motion tracking (using the Microsoft Kinect Sensor). The findings provided evidence that knowledge about seen actor’s typical behaviour is used in action observation. It was found, first, that actions are identified faster when performed by an actor that typically performed these action s compared to another actor who only performed them rarely (Chapter s Two and Three). These effects were specific to meaningful actions with objects, not withdrawals from them, and went along with action-related ERP responses (oERN, observer related error negativity). Moreover, they occurred despite current actor identity not being relevant to the task, and were largely independent of the participants’ ability to report the individual’s behaviour. Second, the findings suggested that these predictive person models are embodied such that they influenced the observers own motor systems, even when the relevant actors were not seen acting (Chapter Four). Finally, evidence for theses person-models were found when naturalistic responding was required when participants had to use their feet to ‘block’ an incoming ball (measured by the Microsoft Kinect Sensor), where they made earlier and more pronounce d movements when the observed actor behaved according to their usual action patterns (Chapter Five). The 7 findings are discussed with respect to recent predictive coding theories of social perception, and a new model is proposed that integrates the findings. 8 Table of contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 2 Author's Declaration ..................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 7 Table of contents ........................................................................................................... 9 List of figures .............................................................................................................. 12 List of tables ................................................................................................................ 14 Chapter One – Using person-specific models to make social action predictions ........... 15 Deciphering social interactions ................................................................................... 15 The bottom-up approach to social perception; monkey see, monkey do. ................... 16 Cracks in the mirror .................................................................................................... 20 Flipping the mirror: social perception based on predictions ....................................... 23 Towards a person-specific approach ........................................................................... 29 Thesis overview .......................................................................................................... 33 Chapter Two - Implicit integration of object and actor information for behavioural prediction......................................................................................................................... 37 Experiments 1a and 1b – prediction based on person-specific behaviour tendencies .... 40 Method ........................................................................................................................ 42 Results ......................................................................................................................... 46 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 53 Experiment 1c – making the behavioural tendencies explicit ......................................... 56 Method ........................................................................................................................ 56 Results ......................................................................................................................... 57 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 59 Experiment 1d – the effects of an explicit hypothesis for the person- model when trials match or mismatch the hypothesis .................................................................................. 61 Method ........................................................................................................................ 62 Results ......................................................................................................................... 64 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 68 Experiment 1e: online social action prediction ............................................................... 71 Method ........................................................................................................................ 72 Results ......................................................................................................................... 73 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 77 General discussion ...................................................................................................... 79 9
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