Implementing Mastery Learning PDF
Preview Implementing Mastery Learning
Implementing Mastery Learning Third Edition Implementing Mastery Learning Third Edition To my children: Jennifer, Michael, Christopher. Of all the joys in my life, you will always be the greatest. Thomas R. Guskey Implementing Mastery Learning Third Edition Thomas R. Guskey FOR INFORMATION: Copyright © 2023 by Corwin Press, Inc. Helping educators make the greatest impact Corwin All rights reserved. Except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, no part of A SAGE Company CORWIN HAS ONE MISSION: to enhance education through this work may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, 2455 Teller Road intentional profesTsihoonuasl alenadr nOinagk.s , California 91320 or stored in a database or retrieval system, without permission in writing (800) 233-9936 from the publisher. We build long-terwmw rewla.ctioornwsihni.pcso mwith our authors, educators, When forms and sample documents appearing in this work are intended clients, and associations who partner with us to develop and SAGE Publications Ltd. for reproduction, they will be marked as such. Reproduction of their use continuously impr1o vOeli vtheer’ sb eYsatr devidence-based practices that is authorized for educational use by educators, local school sites, and/or establish and sup5p5o Crt itliyfe Rloonagd learning. noncommercial or nonprofit entities that have purchased the book. London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom All third-party trademarks referenced or depicted herein are i ncluded SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. solely for the purpose of illustration and are the property of their B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area respective owners. Reference to these trademarks in no way indicates Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 any relationship with, or endorsement by, the trademark owner. India Printed in the United States of America SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 18 Cross Street #10-10/11/12 China Square Central Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Singapore 048423 Names: Guskey, Thomas R., author. Title: Implementing mastery learning / Thomas R. Guskey. President: Mike Soules Description: Thousand Oaks, California : Corwin, [2023] | Includes Vice President and Editorial Director: bibliographical references. Monica Eckman Identifiers: LCCN 2022029390 (print) | LCCN 2022029391 (ebook) | ISBN 9781071851005 (paperback) | ISBN 9781071851036 (ebook) Program Director and Publisher: Subjects: LCSH: Mastery learning. | Individualized instruction. Dan Alpert Classification: LCC LB1031.4 .G87 2023 (print) | LCC LB1031.4 (ebook) | Content Development Editor: DDC 371.39/4--dc23/eng/20220810 Mia Rodriguez LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022029390 Editorial Intern: Ricardo Ramirez LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022029391 Production Editor: Melanie Birdsall Copy Editor: Melinda Masson This book is printed on acid-free paper. Typesetter: Exeter Premedia Services Proofreader: Theresa Kay Cover Designer: Scott Van Atta Marketing Manager: Melissa Duclos 22 23 24 25 26 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 DISCLAIMER: This book may direct you to access third-party content via web links, QR codes, or other scannable technologies, which are provided for your reference by the author(s). Corwin makes no guarantee that such t hird- party content will be available for your use and encourages you to review the terms and conditions of such third-party content. 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CONTENTS About the Author xi Acknowledgments xiii Prologue xvii Preface xxi Chapter Descriptions xxv CHAPTER 1: The “Why” of Mastery Learning 1 Defying Predictability 3 Mastery Learning Provides a Solution 4 A Resurgence of Interest 5 The Gradual Implementation of Mastery Learning 6 References 8 CHAPTER 2: The History and Development of Mastery Learning 12 John B Carroll’s “Model for School Learning” 12 Benjamin S Bloom’s “Learning for Mastery” 14 The Origin of Bloom’s Ideas 16 The Essential Elements of Mastery Learning 22 Teaching to the Test? 28 References 30 CHAPTER 3: Mastery Learning and Other Personalized Learning Models 33 Mastery Learning and Personalized Systems of Instruction 33 Mastery Learning and Objective-, Goal-, Outcome-, and Standards-Based Education 39 Mastery Learning and Competency-Based Education 42 Misinterpretations of Mastery Learning 44 Major Steps in Implementing Mastery Learning 46 The Role of the Teacher Using Mastery Learning 50 References 53 CHAPTER 4: Clarifying Learning Goals 58 The Importance of a Framework for Learning 59 Organizing Learning Units 61 A Practical Example 62 Applications With Mastery Learning 63 Content Versus Process 64 Level of Generality 65 Table of Specifications 66 Steps in Developing Tables of Specifications 67 Relationships Among Elements of Learning 71 Subject Area Differences 72 Adaptations to Tables of Specifications 73 Advantages of Tables of Specifications 74 Difficulties in Developing Tables of Specifications 78 Tables of Specifications and Lesson Plans 80 Linking Classroom Assessments to Tables of Specifications 81 Other Areas of Goals and Objectives 83 References 88 CHAPTER 5: Using Preassessments 92 Theoretical Underpinnings 93 Defining Preassessment 94 Preassessment Research 95 Measures of Learning 96 A Telling Study 99 Implications 100 References 103 CHAPTER 6: Developing and Refining Formative Assessments 105 Mastery Learning and Instruction 105 Highly Effective Teachers 107 The Purpose of Formative Assessment 109 Formative Assessments Are Not for Grading 110 The Process of Valuing 111 Matching Formative Assessments to the Table 112 Problems in the Matching Process 115 Developing Assessment Items and Prompts 116 Arranging Items on the Assessment 118 Relationships Among Assessment Items and Prompts 120 Characteristics of High-Quality Formative Assessments 122 Preparing Parallel Formative Assessments 124 Technology and Formative Assessment 126 References 129 CHAPTER 7: Feedback, Correctives, and Enrichment 136 The Purpose of Feedback for Students 136 The Purposes of Feedback for Teachers 137 Common Formative Assessments 139 Providing More Immediate Feedback 140 Essential Characteristics of Correctives 143 Sources of Correctives 146 Types of Corrective Activities 146 Specifying Correctives 151 Managing Corrective Activities 155 Allocating Time for Correctives 156 Motivating Students to Do Correctives 157 The Need for Enrichment 159 Essential Characteristics of Enrichment 160 Planning Enrichment Activities 161 Types of Enrichment Activities 163 Managing the Enrichment Activities 168 Engaging All Students in Enrichment 169 Special Education and Gifted Education 169 References 171 CHAPTER 8: Summative Assessments 177 The Purpose of Summative Assessments 177 The Relationship Between Summative and Formative Assessments 179 Criterion-Referenced Versus Norm-Referenced 180 Developing Summative Assessment Items and Prompts 182 Analyzing Summative Assessment Results 183 When to Construct Summative Assessments 185 Grading Summative Assessments 186 Reducing Student Anxiety 189 Grading in Mastery Learning Classes 190 Necessary Changes in Grading 194 Teaching and Assessment 196 References 199 CHAPTER 9: Applying Mastery Learning 201 Approaches to Implementation 201 Evaluating Mastery Learning Units 205 Orienting Students 207 Orienting Parents and Families 208 Teaching for Mastery 210 Checking Unit Mastery 212 After the Second Formative Assessment 214 Practices to Avoid With Second Formative Assessments 216 The Lack of Success on Second Formative Assessments 219 Class Mastery Charts 219 Individual Mastery Charts 221 Mastery Certificates 222 WIN Wednesday 224 Additional Teacher Concerns 224 Administrative Support 230 Benefits for the Teacher 231 References 234 CHAPTER 10: Evaluating Mastery Learning 240 The Purposes of Evaluation 240 Gathering Data on Fidelity of Implementation 241 Gathering Data on Student Achievement 244 What Evidence Do Teachers Find Most Useful? 246 Results From Studies on Student Achievement 247 Gathering Data on Student Affect 249 Results From Studies on Student Affect 253 Other Possible Outcomes 254 Meaningful Evaluation Comparisons 254 References 259 CHAPTER 11: Onward and Upward 264 Steps for Program Implementation 264 Guidelines for Success 272 Promising Additions to the Mastery Learning Process 276 The Future of Mastery Learning 279 References 283 Index 287 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Note From the Publisher: The author has provided web content throughout the book that is available to you through QR (quick response) codes To read a QR code, you must have a smartphone or tablet with a camera We recommend that you download a QR code reader app that is made specifically for your phone or tablet brand These resources can also be accessed at resources.corwin.com/ImplementingMasteryLearning Chapter 6: Developing and Refining Formative Assessments Online Appendix: Assessment Types—Pros and Cons Supplemental Chapter: Mastery Learning and Response to Intervention (RTI)
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