Imperial Childhoods and Christian Mission: Education and Emotions in South India and Denmark

290 Pages·2015·2.316 MB·English

by  Karen Vallgårda (auth.)

Imperial Childhoods and Christian Mission
PalgraveStudiesintheHistoryofChildhood
Series Editors: George Rousseau, University of Oxford; Lawrence Brockliss,
UniversityofOxford
PalgraveStudiesintheHistoryofChildhoodisthefirstofitskindtohistoricizechild-
hoodintheEnglish-speakingworld;atpresentnohistoricalseriesonchildren/
childhoodexists,despiteburgeoningareaswithinChildStudies.Theseriesaims
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mechanismforconsolidatingtheidentityandattractionofthenewdiscipline.
Editorial Board: Jo Boyden, University of Oxford; Matthew Grenby, Newcastle
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versity; Lyndal Roper, University of Oxford; Sally Shuttleworth, University of
Oxford;LindsaySmith,SussexUniversity,NandoSigona,BirminghamUniversity
Titlesinclude:
HeatherEllised.
JUVENILEDELINQUENCYANDTHELIMITSOFWESTERNINFLUENCE,1850–
2000
HilaryMarland
HEALTHANDGIRLHOODINBRITAIN,1874–1920
HeidiMorrison
CHILDHOODANDCOLONIALMODERNITYINEGYPT
GeorgeRousseau
CHILDRENANDSEXUALITY
FromtheGreekstotheGreatWar
LucyUnderwood
CHILDHOODANDRELIGIOUSDISSENTINPOST-REFORMATIONENGLAND
KarenVallgårda
IMPERIALCHILDHOODSANDCHRISTIANMISSION
EducationandEmotionsinSouthIndiaandDenmark
StephenWagg,JanePilchereds.
THATCHER’SGRANDCHILDREN
PoliticsandChildhoodintheTwenty-FirstCentury
PalgraveStudiesintheHistoryofChildhood
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Imperial Childhoods and
Christian Mission
Education and Emotions in South India
and Denmark
Karen Vallgårda
AssistantProfessorofHistory,UniversityofCopenhagen,Denmark
©KarenVallgårda2015
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-43298-8
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For my son
Svend, 26–01–2010
and my friend
Astrid Giersing, 1981–2008
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Contents
ListofFigures viii
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
1 ChildrenandtheDiscordanceofColonialConversions 39
2 ControversyandCollapse:OnChristianDaySchools 74
3 RaisingTwoCategoriesofChildren 97
4 TyingChildrentoGodwithLove 123
5 Science,Morality,Care,andControl 156
6 EmotionalLaborofLoss 181
7 PlantingSeedsinYoungHearts 209
Epilogue:TheProductiveFigureoftheUniversalChild 235
Appendix1:Glossary 245
Appendix2:OverviewofMissionStations 246
Bibliography:UnpublishedSources 247
Bibliography:PublishedSources 248
Bibliography:WorksCited 250
Index 273
vii
Figures
I.1 Danishmissionaries,children,andIndianstaffonan
outingnearKotagiri,1908.DanmissionPhotoArchive 17
1.1 DrawingofBethanien,themissionstationin
Pattambakkam,c.1870.TheDanishNationalArchives 47
1.2 Drawingofteachersandstudentsattheboardingschool
inPattambakkam,1870.TheDanishNationalArchives 65
3.1 SisterSaraandsomeofthefirstlace-makersin
Tirukkoyilur,1893.DanmissionPhotoArchive 109
4.1 KamalaandFrk.Nørup,c.1902.DanmissionPhotoArchive 125
4.2 GirlsandteachersattheboardingschoolatSaron,
Tirunvannamalai,c.1895.DanmissionPhotoArchive 129
4.3 JohanneLindeburgandElnaThoftewithchildrenand
staffoftheorphanageinSiloam,Tirukkoyilur,1908.
DanmissionPhotoArchive 142
4.4 TheMøllercoupleandtheirtwofostersons,Pauland
Josef,c.1905.DanmissionPhotoArchive 146
4.5 Kamalaattheageofeight,c.1905.DanmissionPhoto
Archive 149
4.6 MissionarywifeAnnaAndersenwithstaffandstudentsat
theboardingschoolforgirlsinSiloam,c.1910.
DanmissionPhotoArchive 151
5.1 ChildrenintheorphanageinTirukkoyilur,1908.
DanmissionPhotoArchive 178
6.1 Missionarychildren,EvaandIdaIhlewithThora
Jørgensen,andMrs.Ihle,late1880s.DanmissionPhoto
Archive 185
6.2 MissionaryChristianSchleschfamilyportrait,c.1893.
DanmissionPhotoArchive 190
6.3 HansSejerHanseninhisnanny’sarms,1909.Danmission
PhotoArchive 191
6.4 EllenGøtzschewith‘littleHelene,’c.1907.Danmission
PhotoArchive 195
7.1 Illustrationofachildwidow.DetlilleMissionsbud,1908 223
7.2 Pictureof‘Indianfamine-strickenchildren.’Detlille
Missionsbud,1908 232
viii
Acknowledgments
SinceIbeganresearchforthisbookin2008,myideashavebeenshaped
andreshapedthroughdiscussionswithmanywiseandinspiringpeople.
Iwishtothankeveryonewhohascontributedtotheprojectinoneway
oranother.
Throughout the project, Anne Løkke and Esther Fihl have offered
constructive criticism and valuable advice, sharing their knowledge of
history, India, and childhood, as well as academia. Through their own
work as well as through conversations, Ann Laura Stoler and Linda
GordonhavebothhadaprofoundimpactonhowIhavecometothink
aboutchildhood,emotions,andimperialism.
In the course of working on this project I have benefited greatly
from helpful librarians and archivists at the National Archives and the
Royal Library in Copenhagen as well as at the Tamil Nadu Archives
in Chennai. The Danmission staff have likewise been incredibly forth-
comingthroughout.MortenAlsingerandhisfamilykindlylentmethe
diariesofhisgreat-grandfather,missionaryN.P.Hansen.
At the SAXO Institute and other departments at the University of
Copenhagen,colleaguesandfriendshavemadeitinterestingandfunto
gotowork.Whiletheadministrativecolleaguesprovidedidealresearch
support, the academics ensured a stimulating research environment.
CecilieBjerreandLineLenskjoldhaveofferedsuperbresearchassistance
at different stages in the project. Niels Brimnes, Anne Katrine Kleberg
Hansen, Anne Folke Henningsen, Daniel Henschen, Claire McLisky,
Niklas Olsen, Jan Pedersen, and Søren Rud have all offered astute crit-
icism and useful inputs to (parts of) the manuscript. Ever since we
co-wrote our very first university paper, Caroline Nyvang has been a
greatdiscussionpartner,aperceptivecritic,andadearfriend.
A grant from The Danish Council for Independent Research made
it possible for me to pursue the research for this book. In addition,
awardsfromBikubenFonden,KnudWimmersLegat,andAsianDynam-
ics Initiative as well as the Eliteforsk travel award from The Danish
Council for Strategic Research enabled me to conduct archival stud-
ies and fieldwork in India and to participate in various international
conferencesandworkshops.Insuchcontexts,SaradaBalagopalan,Nara
Milanich, Satadru Sen, Gayatri C. Spivak, and Birgitte Søland, among
others, have read and made valuable comments on papers that later
ix