Impact of Virtual Reality on Young Adults' Physiological Arousal and Aggressive Thoughts

15 Pages·2001·0.98 MB·English

JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 15,125139 (1994)
Impact of Virtual Reality on Young
Adults’ Physiological Arousal and
Aggressive Thoughts: Interaction
Versus Observation
SANDRA L. CALVERT
SKI-LAN TAN
Georgetown University
The purpose of study was to compare the impact of playing versus observing a
violent virtual reality game on young adults’ arousal levels, feelings of hostility, and
aggressive thoughts. Physiological arousal and aggressive thoughts, but not hostile
feelings, were higher for participants than for observers of the virtual reolity game.
Results that technologies varying from observational to participatory modes
of interaction can have differing physiological and cognitive consequences.
ehT noitamrofni age has thguorb tuoba seitinutroppo for yllacilobmys detaidem
secneirepxe that affect namuh .roivaheb gniweiV desivelet ,ecneloiv for -maxe
,elp has neeb detacilpmi as eno lasuac tnega ni the dna ecnamrofrep
of evissergga snoitca refoC-hcirdeirF( & ,notsuH 1986). ,sselehtreveN eno nac
nrael evissergga tnetnoc morf noisivelet tuohtiw gnitalsnart that egdelwonk otni
s’eno lanosrep roivaheb ,arudnaB( 1965).
ehT rieh tnerappa ot the ecneloiv-noitca ,alumrof hcihw si ydaerla the elpats
of noisivelet smargorp dna oediv semag ,dleifneerG( 1984), si the virtual reality
.emag lautriV ytilaer si denifed as a lanoisnemid-eerht detalumis-retupmoc -ecs
oiran ni hcihw a nosrep nac ,kool evom dnuora ,ni dna ecneirepxe na yranigami
dlrow letnemiP( & ,ariexieT 1993). ehT noitpecrep of siht laicifitra dlrow si
This researchw as conducted elihw ardnaS .L trevlaC saw a roineS hcraeseR etaicossA rof eht
lanoitaN hcraeseR .licnuoC
noitaicerppA si desserpxe ot eht .S.U ymrA hcraeseR etutitsnI rof eht laroivaheB dna laicoS
secneicS dna .rD hpesoJ ,aktosP feihC fo tramS ,ygolonhceT rof gnitsoh siht .krow ehT noitisop
detneserp ereh si taht fo eht srohtua dna seod ton tneserper eht fo eht .S.U ymrA hcraeseR
etutitsnI ro eht lanoitaN hcraeseR .licnuoC ehT gniwollof elpoep dedivorp ecnatsissa ni gnitelpmoc
siht :tcejorp .rD leinaD ,llennoC’O .rD leinaD ,nosniboR .rD ahtelA ,notsuH enirehtaK ,ekniH niveK
,trufnieW craM ,kenapehS nerraD ,regzteM ahsraM ,greB alegnA ,namroN nairB ,ohC dnomyaR
,hoS rehpotsirhC ,edirBcM dna eht stneduts fo nwotegroeG .ytisrevinU eW osla knaht naeD yvI
redorB rof gniwolla su ot tcelloc atad no eht supmac fo naciremA .ytisrevinU
ecnednopserroC dna stseuqer rof stnirper dluohs eb tnes ot ardnaS .L ,trevlaC tnemtrapeD fo
,ygolohcysP nwotegroeG ,ytisrevinU ht73 & 0 ,steertS ,WN ,notgnihsaW CD .75002
125
126 CALVERT AND TAN
dehsilpmocca yb gniraew laiceps lautriv ytilaer selggog dna other gear ot -mi
esrem the lautpecrep smetsys nihtiw the lautriv ytilaer .noitalumis ehT erom a
retupmoc noitalumis segrembus a s’nosrep yrosnes ,smetsys the erom desremmi
he or she sleef ni that dlrow ,accoiB( 1992).
ekilnU ,noisivelet oediv semag dna lautriv ytilaer eriuqer tcerid noitca for a
emag ot .eunitnoc nI the case of evissergga tnetnoc ni the lautriv ytilaer emag desu
ni siht ,yduts a nosrep tsum kill or eb killed ni siht ,ekil-efil detalumis-retupmoc
.ytilaer ,yltneuqesnoC evissergga noitca si detaroprocni yltcerid otni a s’nosrep
laroivaheb eriotreper nehw lautriv ytilaer semag are .deyalp ,renurB ,revlO dna
dleifneerG (1966) decnavda the aedi that elpoep nac tneserper noitamrofni at three
:slevel I( ) evitcane (e.g., htiw the ,)ydob (2) cinoci (e.g.. htiw the lausiv ,)metsys
or (3) cilobmys (e.g., htiw words). oediV emag yalp setavitluc .cinoci -lausiv
laitaps lanoitatneserper slliks .dleifneerG( ,inoiamaC et ,.la ;4991 maynamharbuS
& ,dleifneerG 1994). snoitcaretnI htiw na evissergga lautriv ytilaer emag yam llew
etavitluc ,evitcane ylidob snoitatneserper (e.g., gnirif a )nug that yam neht eb
ylisae recoded otni tneuqesbus evissergga roivaheb ni erutuf .snoitautis
tI si the tfihs morf lanoitavresbo ot ,evitcaretni evisremmi seigolonhcet that si
the sucof of the yriuqni here. ,yllacificepS we enimaxe the tcapmi of gnitca nopu
susrev gnivresbo evissergga tnetnoc ni a lautriv ytilaer .tnemnorivne
laciteroehT Models ni noitaleR to noisserggA
suoiraV laciteroeht sledom evah neeb desu ot enimaxe the tcapmi of ecneloiv no a
s’nosrep evissergga .roivaheb gnidroccA ot the arousal theory, lacigoloisyhp
sesnopser ot noissergga dluohs yllaitini esaercni as eno segagne ni a gninetaerht
.ecneirepxe roF ,elpmaxe a s’nosrep doolb ,erusserp a erusaem of the cimonotua
suovren ,metsys sesaercni nehw he or she si exposed ot na evissergga .noitautis
lacigoloisyhP lasuora nac neht eb delennahc otni the seitivitca that eno si exposed
evissergga-ot seno ni siht .ecnatsni
sA stated ni the social e!Litingoc theory ylsuoiverp( nwonk as the laicos
gninrael ,)yroeht a nosrep nac emoceb erom evissergga after gnivresbo dna neht
gnitatimi a ledom who si gnitca .ylevissergga lanoitavresbO gninrael si detaluger
yb .noitnetta ,noitneter ,noitcudorp dna noitavitom ,arudnaB( 1986). ecnO -ta
dednet to, evissergga tnetnoc nac eb deniater ni yromem ot eb decudorper nehw a
nosrep si detavitom ot do so. gnidroccA ot laicos evitingoc ,yroeht a dnoces yaw
that evissergga roivaheb nac rucco si yb .noitibihnisid htiW age dna -poleved
,tnem lanretni eslupmi slortnoc are created ot tibihni evissergga .snoitca sA
stated yb ,arudnaB these slortnoc nac eb ,detibihnisid or ,denekaew nehw eno
sevresbo rehtona act ,ylevissergga ybereht gnitluser ni erom lanosrep .noissergga
,yllaniF gnidrocca ot the cirylanaohwsp theory ,llaH( 1954). a tneuqesbus
decrease ni noissergga dluohs rucco hguorht sisrahtac as eno sesaeler evissergga
sevird ylefas ni cilobmys semag rather naht lautca .secneirepxe llaH detseggus
that evird noitcuder dluohs rucco nehw a nosrep setapicitrap ni ysatnaf -irepxe
VIRTUAL REALITY 127
secne that wolla mih or her ot niard“ off” suoregnad evissergga ,seslupmi a
yramirp namuh .evird nI a ,emag eno nac llik rehtona nosrep .yllacilobmys
Impact of Information Technologies on Aggressiveness
revO the past two decades, a tnacifingis ydob of research has neeb gathered
hcihw setacidni that gniweiv noisivelet ecneloiv sesaercni evissergga roivaheb
refoC-hcirdeirF( & ,notsuH 1986). nerdlihC who evresbo evissergga noisivelet
sledom semitemos etatimi those sroivaheb or evah the lanretni slortnoc -nisid
detibih that tneverp evissergga noitca nietS( & ,hcirdeirF ;2791 ,ruetS -pA
,dleifelp & ,htimS 1971). doolB erusserp sesaercni after gniweiv lauxes or
evissergga ,tnetnoc gnidivorp troppus for the lasuora yroeht ,nnamlliZ( 1971).
,revewoH nerdlihc ylerar act ssel ylevissergga after gniweiv desivelet ecneloiv as
dluow eb detciderp yb a noitcuder-evird sisehtopyh aiv the citylanaohcysp yroeht
refoC-hcirdeirF( & ,notsuH 1986).
nI a lanimes yduts for the laicos evitingoc ,yroeht arudnaB (1965) drew a
noitcnitsid neewteb noitisiuqca dna .ecnamrofrep nerdlihC deweiv a tneloiv .mlif
retfA gniweiv the ,margorp emos ,nerdlihc ylralucitrap ,syob ylsuoenatnops
detaroprocni those evissergga snoitca ni rieht .yalp Other ,nerdlihc yliramirp
,slrig did ton ylsuoenatnops etatimi the devresbo .noissergga ,revewoH nehw
offered sevitnecni ot do so, tsom nerdlihc were etiuq elbapac of gnitciped the
noissergga yeht had deweiv hcihw detacidni that the snoitca had neeb denrael
neve fi ton .demrofrep sihT gnidnif stseggus that slrig yam kniht tuoba the
evissergga snoitca that yeht ,weiv neve fi yeht do ton ylirassecen act .ylevissergga
semaG created for wen seigolonhcet netfo eriuqer evissergga ecnamrofrep yb
.stnapicitrap nI ynam oediv ,semag sreyalp tsum shoot or mrah rieht cilobmys
stnenoppo ni order ot .niw tnetsisnoC htiw noisivelet seiduts no devresbo -sergga
,nois nerdlihc who deyalp evissergga oediv semag yltneuqesbus emaceb erom
evissergga ni rieht laicos ,yalp gnitroppus htob the laicos evitingoc dna lasuora
seiroeht mevliS( & ,nosmailliW 1987). ,ylralimiS nerdlihc who detcaretni htiw a
tneloiv oediv emag were dnuof ot etatimi those evissergga sroivaheb ni rieht retal
free yalp ,ettuhcS( ,ffuolaM ,nedraG-tsoP & Rodasta, 1988). laicosorP roivaheb
that stifeneb others nac osla eb detibihni for those who yalp tneloiv oediv semag
srebmahC( & ,enoicsA 1987). elitsoH sgnileef desaercni for gnuoy stluda who
deyalp tneloiv oediv semag nosrednA( & ,droF 1986), gnitroppus the lasuora
.yroeht hguohtlA oediv emag yalp si detaicossa htiw desaercni ,ytilitsoh the effect
si rellams naht that decudorp yb noisivelet or darts ,oravaF( 1983).
erehT si osla a set of seiduts that tseggus sisrahtac or noisnet esaeler morf
oediv emag yalp (Brooks, ;3891 ilgE & ,sreyeM ;4891 ,llibyarG ,hcsriK &
,namlessE 1985). roF ,ecnatsni evissergga noitaedi was rewol for nerdlihc who
deyalp na evissergga rather naht a evissergganon oediv ,emag gnitseggus a
egrahcsid of noissergga ni a yllaicos elbatpecca yaw llibyarG( et ,.la 1985).
,revewoH ,llibyarG ,kainwartS ,retnuH dna yraeL’O (1987) dnuof on secnereffid
128 CALVERT AND TAN
ni the evissergga roivaheb of nerdlihc who deyalp a tneloiv susrev a tneloivnon
oediv .emag
nI ,yrammus as ni the noisivelet area, noitatimi ettuhcS( et ,.la 1988), -nisid
noitibih nrevliS( & ,nosmailliW 1987), dna lasuora nosrednA( & ,droF ;6891
nrevliS & ,nosmailliW 1987) are elbaiv stcurtsnoc for gninialpxe the tcapmi of
noissergga no .nerdlihc oT the tnetxe that slrig emoceb evitca stnapicitrap ni
these evissergga ,semag eno thgim expect a resolc knil neewteb noitisiuqca dna
ecnamrofrep naht has neeb reported ni the noisivelet .erutaretil ,revewoH evird
noitcuder aiv sisrahtac has deviecer erom troppus ni the oediv emag erutaretil
naht ni the noisivelet erutaretil (Brooks, ;3891 ilgE & ,sreyeM ;4891 llibyarG et
,.la 1985).
gniraeppA oediv arcades, a elam nevah ,dleifneerG( 1984), lautriv
now in
ytilaer secafretni nac create the noisulli that a nosrep si part of the .emag reyalP
stnemevom lortnoc the lautriv ytilaer .emag roF ,ecnatsni gninrut s’eno head ot
the thgir sdleiy eno lausiv ;evitcepsrep gninrut ti ot the tfel sdleiy a tnereffid .eno
No neercs seiradnuob are ,nees as ni the case of a noisivelet ,neercs esuaceb the
selggog edivorp a ,suounitnoc larehpirep .weiv snoitcA nihtiw siht gnittes yam
eb erom citsilaer naht those deretnuocne ni suoiverp seigolonhcet esuaceb -rofni
noitam si detneserp ni a lanoisnemid-eerht mrof that si evisnopser ot reyalp
.stnemevom sA ni oediv emag ,yalp the nosrep si won the character, ton na
revresbo as ni noisivelet gniweiv oripahS( & ,dlanoDcM 1992).
nI the case of ,noissergga the lautriv ytilaer emag reyalp has the lanosrep
ecneirepxe of gnieb deusrup yb or gnitoohs na .tnenoppo sA ni oediv ,semag
evissergga ecnamrofrep si deriuqer for lufsseccus ;ecnamrofrep ni siht ,yaw
evissergga noitca yam eb detaroprocni yltcerid otni a s’nosrep laroivaheb -reper
.eriot ehT evisremmi ytilauq of the ygolonhcet yam esaercni htob lasuora slevel
dna noissergga erom naht suoiverp stamrof esuaceb elpoep leef yeht are yltcerid
dna yllanosrep gnicneirepxe tneloiv .stneve yratnulovnI lanoitome sesnopser
yam eb decneulfni yb hcus ,evisremmi ekil-efil secneirepxe oripahS( &
,dlanoDcM 1992).
Person scitsiretcarahC
scitsiretcarahC of elpoep osla tcapmi the syaw that seigolonhcet ecneulfni .meht
nI the case of ,noissergga we deredisnoc two yramirp lanosrep :setubirtta redneg
dna evissergga .stiart neM evah gnol neeb deifitnedi as gnitartsnomed erom
evissergga roivaheb naht nemow ,notsuH( ;3891 ,yboccaM 1980). emoS eugra
that secnereffid ni noissergga neewteb nem dna ,nemow as llew as nihtiw a
ralucitrap redneg ,puorg are desab no yllacigoloib desab stiart ,yboccaM( 1980)
dna suht niatrec elpoep are ylpmis yltnerehni erom evissergga naht others. Other
stsiroeht approach evissergga roivaheb as a state at a nevig tniop ni emit ,notsuH(
1983). morF the rettal ,evitcepsrep noissergga si denrael tsuj ekil yna other
:roivaheb hguorht tnemecrofnier dna .tnemhsinup
sseldrageR of the ,snigiro noissergga si ylraelc elbats nihtiw elpoep of htob
VIRTUAL REALITY 129
sredneg for ynam sraey ,yboccaM( 1980). evisserggA htuoy are ylekil ot emoceb
evissergga .stluda ,yltneuqesnoC we dedulcni a iroirp tiart serusaem of -sergga
nois ni order ot lortnoc for laitini secnereffid ni .noissergga retfA ,stnemtaert we
osla denimaxe two yraropmet state serusaem of ssenevissergga ni sgnileef dna
,sthguoht .ylevitcepser
ebT Present ydutS
ehT esoprup of siht yduts was ot erapmoc the tcapmi of noitapicitrap susrev
gnivresbo na evissergga lautriv ytilaer emag no gnuoy ’stluda lasuora ,slevel
sgnileef of ,ytilitsoh dna evissergga .sthguoht ehT rojam sisehtopyh was that
lacigoloisyhp lasuora dna evissergga sthguoht dluow esaercni erom for those
who detapicitrap yltcerid ni the lautriv ytilaer ecneirepxe naht for those who
devresbo .ti ehT lasuora dna laicos evitingoc seiroeht were expected ot edivorp
the tseb tif for gninialpxe how lautriv ytilaer stcapmi ’stluda evissergga -vaheb
.sroi No troppus was expected for a noitcuder-noisnet ,sisehtopyh dexedni yb
elitsoh ,sgnileef as dluow eb detciderp yb the citylanaohcysp .yroeht redneG dna
evissergga stiart were dedulcni ni order ot enimaxe laitnereffid effects of -sergga
evis erusopxe no tnereffid sdnik of .elpoep
ehT gniwollof evif sesehtopyh were :edam (1) lacigoloisyhp lasuora dna
evissergga sthguoht were detciderp ot eb rehgih ni the lautriv ytilaer noisremmi
noitidnoc naht ni the lautriv ytilaer noitavresbo dna lortnoc ;snoitidnoc (2) -bus
stcej ni the lautriv ytilaer noitavresbo noitidnoc were detciderp ot report erom
evissergga sthguoht naht were those ni the lortnoc ;noitidnoc (3) elitsoh sgnileef
were ton expected ot decrease morf enilesab ot tnemtaert ni the lautriv ytilaer or
noitavresbo ,snoitidnoc as dluow eb detciderp aiv a noitcuder-evird ;sisehtopyh
(4) esuaceb eno aggresses yltcerid ni the lautriv ytilaer noisremmi ,noitidnoc
redneg secnereffid ni evissergga sthguoht were ton detciderp nihtiw siht -idnoc
;noit dna (5) as noissergga si erom ni gnipeek htiw elam rather naht elamef ,selor
nem were expected ot report erom evissergga sthguoht naht were nemow ni the
noitavresbo .noitidnoc
METHOD
stcejbuS
stcejbuS were 36 ssalc-elddim egelloc stneduts (M age = 20 ,sraey 6 ,)shtnom
yllauqe detubirtsid yb ,redneg who dednetta a etavirp ytisrevinu ni a egral -ortem
natilop area. weF had reve nees or deyalp a lautriv ytilaer emag or neve wenk
what ti was.
Procedure
.tseterP stcejbuS yllaitini emac for a 5 ot 10 nim pretest ni the keew-2 doirep
roirp ot the latnemirepxe .snoitidnoc Each tcejbus detelpmoc three stsetbus of the
130 CALVERT AND TAN
ssuB dna eekruD (1957) ytilanosrep tiart erusaem gnissessa .ytilitsoh ehT -bus
tests derusaem tluassa n( = 10 ,)smeti labrev ytilitsoh n( = 13 ,)smeti dna
ytilibatirri n( = 11 .)smeti stcejbuS delcric rehtie true or eslaf for each .meti nA
elpmaxe of na tluassa meti ,si ecnO“ ni a ,elihw I tonnac lortnoc ym egru ot mrah
others.” A labrev meti ,si nehW“ elpoep lley at ,em I lley ”.kcab nA elpmaxe of
na elbatirri meti ,si I“ netfo leef ekil a powder keg ydaer ot ”.edolpxe tseter-tseT
snoitalerroc were .78 for .tluassa .72 for labrev ,ytilitsoh dna .65 for ytilibatirri
,ssuB( 1961). gnisU factor sisylana ,seuqinhcet ssuB dna eekruD deretsulc these
three selacsbus otni a motor tnenopmoc of .ytilitsoh
nO the yad of the ,yduts a lacigoloisyhp erusaem of eslup rate was nekat ni the
lautriv ytilaer .gnittes sihT pretest eslup rate was nekat yllaunam yb na -irepxe
retnem yb gnicalp her sregnif no a s’tcejbus tfel .tsirw She neht detnuoc the
rebmun of heart staeb for 1.5 s dna deilpitlum yb .ruof tA a retal ,emit ytilibailer
was assessed for 6 .stcejbus oT do so, two sretnemirepxe ylsuoenatlumis took the
eslup rate of laudividni .stcejbus enO retnemirepxe decalp her sregnif no a
s’tcejbus tfel tsirw dna detnuoc heart staeb for 15 s elihw the other retnemirepxe
decalp her sregnif no the s’tcejbus thgir tsirw dna detnuoc heart staeb gnirud that
emas s-51 emit .emarf Each score was neht deilpitlum yb .ruof revresboretnI
ytilibailer for eslup rate, detupmoc as two semit the rebmun of stnemeerga
dedivid yb the latot rebmun of scores for htob ,sretnemirepxe degareva 98% for
the xis slocotorp where each taeb was detnuoc as a .tnemgduj
tnemtaerT .snoitidnoC nO a yadrutaS ,noonretfa stcejbus delbmessa edistuo a
gnidliub at rieht emoh .ytisrevinu nihtiW redneg ,spuorg each ylmodnar dengis
eno of three ,stsil ybereht gninimreted rieht evitcepser tnemtaert .noitidnoc -buS
stcej were neht detropsnart yb eno nav ni spuorg of 12 ,.e.i( yb tnemtaert
)noitidnoc ot rehtona ytisrevinu supmac that was gnitsoh a .riaf noitatropsnarT
emit was tuoba 10 .nim ehT lautriv ytilaer emag was detacol edistuo no supmac
sdnuorg at siht .riaf
nopU ,lavirra the pretest eslup rates were nekat yllaudividni for the tsrif
:puorg the lautriv ytilaer condition. yehT neht denioj a enil dna detiaw 30 ot 45
nim ot yalp a lautriv ytilaer .emag A research ,tnatsissa who detiaw htiw ,meht
dlot meht ton ot watch the .srotinom stcejbuS were nevig a lautriv ytilaer pass
daetsni of yenom ot yalp the $5 .emag
stcejbuS ni the lautriv ytilaer noitidnoc deyalp lytcaD .eramthgiN nI siht
,emag two stnenoppo dnats no desiar smroftalp dellac pods. Each wears a set of
selggog dna a tleb dna sdloh a noitca-lotsip ecived ot lortnoc the noitpecrep of
ylidob tnemevom hguorht space dna of gnitoohs a .nug ehT selggog edivorp
lausiv segami of the :emag yb gninrut s’eno head ot the tfel or ot the ,thgir eno
sretla the lausiv segami gniraeppa hguorht the .selggog ehT tleb slortnoc the
noitcerid of ,tnemevom dna eno sehsup the top of the dleh-dnah ecived ot .evom
tI si suogolana ot gninrut s’eno ydob ot face a ralucitrap noitcerid dellortnoc( yb
VIRTUAL REALITY 131
the )tleb dna neht gniklaw ni that noitcerid dellortnoc( yb gnihsup the top of the
dleh-dnah .)ecived oT erif the ,nug eno sllup the .reggirt
ehT nim-4 lautriv ytilaer ,emag hcum ekil a oediv emag ni ,tnetnoc stsisnoc of
two sreyalp whose lacisyhp seidob are detneserper as a neerg or wolley -nootrac
kcits serugif edisni a lanoisnemid-eerht detamina .dlrow ekilnU a oediv emag
where uoy see htob ,sreyalp ni a lautriv ytilaer emag the reyalp si eno of the
characters, dna ,suht sees ylno the detneserper .tnenoppo ehT sreyalp are -revda
seiras of eno .rehtona lareveS etihw-dna-kcalb draobrekcehc smroftalp appear ni
a levelitlum .siloporca sriatS tcennoc the smroftalp dna snmuloc appear ni -irav
suo parts of the .smroftalp ehT edge of the smroftalp dne ni kcalb space. -woH
,reve eno nac pmuj otno a llams csid dna edir ot other slevel of the smroftalp yb
gnihsup the forward noitisop of the dleh-dnah .ecived A ,lytcadoretp na -noitidda
la yrasrevda of htob ,sreyalp seilf .daehrevo sreyalP nac shoot the ;lytcadoretp
the lytcadoretp nac osla kcip pu the ,sreyalp tfil meht otni the ,yks dna neht drop
.meht ehT tcejbo of the emag si ot evom hguorht the smroftalp dna shoot htob the
tnenoppo dna the .lytcadoretp revenehW a reyalp si dropped yb the lytcadoretp
or shot yb the other ,reyalp sih or her character sedolpxe dna si neht delbmessaer
at rehtona tniop no the .smroftalp stnioP are scored yreve emit na tnenoppo si
shot. oT ,niw a reyalp tsum shoot sih or her tnenoppo erom semit naht gnieb tih
yb sih or her .tnenoppo Scores are kept .yllacinahcem
elihW the tsrif puorg was gnitiaw ot ,yalp the nav denruter htiw the dnoces
:puorg the observation condition. nopU rieht ,lavirra the noitavresbo puorg had
rieht seslup .nekat redneg-emaS spuorg of three neht watched rehtona s’nosrep
nim-4 lautriv ytilaer emag no a 3 ft x 3 ft oediv .rotinom
ehT control group devirra .tsal sesluP were ,nekat dna a research tnatsissa del
meht as a puorg ni the snoitom that are desu nehw gniyalp the lautriv ytilaer
.emag roF ,elpmaxe stcejbus devom rieht heads dna torsos 180” morf edis ot edis
elihw gnipeek rieht feet ni a deniartsnoc space. yehT did ton see or tcaretni htiw
the lautriv ytilaer .emag yehT were dlot ot dodge the ,lytcadoretp eno ytreporp of
the lautriv ytilaer ,emag tub noissergga was ton .denoitnem ehT nim-4 -alumis
noit dellortnoc for elbissop lasuora effects morf tnemevom per se. 1
.tsettsoP ehT nim-ol posttest detsisnoc of three :serusaem (1) eslup rate, (2)
the elpitluM evitceffA evitcejdA Check ,tsiL dna (3) a gnitsil-thguoht -noitseuq
.erian
retfA rieht evitcepser tnemtaert ,snoitidnoc each s’tcejbus eslup was -emmi
yletaid ,nekat as debircsed ni pretest .serudecorp
Next, stcejbus detceles sevitcejda morf the desiver elpitluM evitceffA -cejdA
evit Check tsiL that debircsed how yeht tlef at that .tnemom gniwolloF the
erudecorp of namhsuB dna neeG (1990), the state noisrev of the ytilitsoh -bus
ehT‘ srohtua knaht leinaD .N nosniboR rof siht noitseggus
132 CALVERT AND TAN
elacs was desu htiw rellif .smeti ytilitsoH was yllanoitarepo denifed as the
rebmun of elitsoh ,sevitcejda hcus as aggressive, angry, annoyed, complaining,
critical, cross, cruel, disagreeable, disgusted, enraged, furious, hostile, in-
censed, irritated, mad, dna mean, that a tcejbus chose. Dizzy dna suoesuan were
added ot the tsil esuaceb emos sreyalp report noitom ssenkcis after lautriv ytilaer
secneirepxe (e.g., ,accoiB ;2991 Psotka, ,nosivaD & ,siweL 1993).
stcejbuS osla detelpmoc a eriannoitseuq tuoba rieht sthguoht gnirud the 4 nim
nehw yeht ,deyalp ,devresbo or detalumis the lautriv ytilaer .emag stcejbuS were
dlot ot etirw tuoba rieht sthguoht tuohtiw nrecnoc for rammarg or gnilleps -caC(
oppoi & ,ytteP 1981). A research tnatsissa demit meht ni siht nim-4 task. ehT
slocotorp were detaulave gniwollof serudecorp depoleved yb namhsuB dna neeG
(1990) for words gnivah evissergga ,sgninaem hcus as kill, ,tih shoot, shot, dna
wolb up. nI the tneserp ,yduts two raters retal scored lla 36 slocotorp for htob
evissergga sthguoht dna for the latot rebmun of ,sthguoht the rettal erusaem
gnitcelfer lareneg .lasuora ehT ytilibailer tneiciffeoc was r = .78, p < lOOO. for
evissergga ,sthguoht dna r = .94, p < .OOOl for latot .sthguoht
tA the dne of the ,yduts stcejbus ni the noitavresbo dna lortnoc snoitidnoc
were nevig the noitpo of gniyalp the lautriv ytilaer .emag ehT tnemtaert -ecorp
,erud morf the emit stcejbus were dekcip pu litnu yeht denruter ot rieht -revinu
,ytis detsal tuoba 3 hr.
STLUSER
Pretest Scores
noitidnoC was dengissa ot stcejbus no the yad that the tnemirepxe was -noc
.detcud eW neht denimaxe the pretest noitamrofni ot erusne that stcejbus were
yllaitini tnelaviuqe no suoirav .serusaem ,yllacificepS lasuora scores dna elitsoh
ytilanosrep scores were denimaxe as tnedneped selbairav htiw noitidnoc dna
redneg as tnednepedni .selbairav
lasuorA Scores. ehT 3 )noitidnoC( X 2 )redneG( stcejbus-neewteb sisylana of
ecnairav )AVONA( detupmoc no pretest lasuora scores dedleiy on effects for
noitidnoc or .redneg ,suhT stcejbus were yllaitini tnelaviuqe across spuorg ni
lasuora no the yad of the .yduts
Hostile Personality Scores. ehT ssuB dna eekruD (1957) selacsbus of ,tluassa
labrev ,noissergga dna ytilibatirri were demmus ot create a latot elitsoh -nosrep
ytila score. A 3 )noitidnoC( 2 )redneG( stcejbus-neewteb AVONA was nur no
X
pretest elitsoh ytilanosrep scores. No secnereffid were dnuof for noitidnoc or
.redneg ,suhT there were on pretest secnereffid ni elitsoh ytilanosrep scores
across .spuorg ,revewoH a rotcaf-owt AVONA detupmoc no the three evitcepser
stsetbus of ssuB dna eekruD did dleiy a niam effect of redneg for evitluassa
,ytilanosrep (F 1, 30) = 4.30, p < .05. ,yllacificepS nem reported erom -luassa
LAUTRIV YTILAER 133
evit seitilanosrep naht did nemow (M = 4.17, SD = 2.48 .sv M = 2.67, SD =
1.50, .)ylevitcepser erehT were on redneg secnereffid reported for ytilanosrep
stiart ekil labrev noissergga or .ythibatirri erehT were osla on noitidnoc effects no
the .stsetbus
Posttest Scores
ehT sisylana ygetarts for the posttest was ot enimaxe lasuora dna noissergga as
tnedneped selbairav as a noitcnuf of noitidnoc dna .redneg enO tnedneped -aem
erus denimaxe ylno lasuora ,.e.i( eslup rate), eno derusaem elitsoh sgnileef ,.e.i(
desiver elpitluM evitceffA evitcejdA Check ,)tsiL dna eno denimaxe htob lasuora
derusaem( as latot rebmun of )sthguoht dna evissergga .sthguoht Pretest scores
were desu as .setairavoc nehW a tnacifingis F oitar was ,dnuof s’nacnuD (1955)
egnar-elpitlum pu-wollof tsartnoc was desu for coh-tsop .snosirapmoc
Pulse Rate Scores. A 3 )noitidnoC( X 2 )redneG( sisylana of ecnairavoc
)AVOCNA( was nur no posttest eslup rate scores htiw pretest eslup rate scores as
the .etairavoc ehT rotcaf-owt AVOCNA detupmoc no posttest eslup scores
dedleiy a niam effect of ,noitidnoc F( 1, 29) < 3.35, p < ;50. pretest eslup scores
were osla tnacifingis as a ,etairavoc F( 1, 29) = 10.23, p < lO. . sA nees ni elbaT
,1 stcejbus ni the lautriv ytilaer noisremmi noitidnoc desaercni ni lasuora erom
naht those ni rehtie the lortnoc ,.e.i( the lautriv ytilaer tnemevom noitalumis
)noitidnoc or the noitavresbo .noitidnoc
Responses of Nausea dna Dizziness ot lautriV Reality. noitapicitraP ni a
lautriv ytilaer emag dluoc esaercni lasuora yb gnitpursid a s’nosrep esnes of
.muirbiliuqe ,eroferehT we asked stcejbus fi yeht tlef yzzid or detaesuan after
rieht tnemtaert .snoitidnoc ssenizziD scores for the three snoitidnoc were -timbus
ted ot a erauqs-ihc .sisylana sA nees ni elbaT 2, stcejbus ni the lautriv ytilaer
noisremmi noitidnoc reported gnileef yzzid or detaesuan erom netfo naht those ni
the noitavresbo or lortnoc ,snoitidnoc x2(2, N = 36) = 16.89, p < .lOO.
ELBAT 1
Mean tseterP and Posttest esluP Rate serocS for the Control,
Observation. and lautriV Realitv Conditions
Condition tseterP esluP Rate Posttest esluP Rate
Control b76.47 (7.69) b76.97 (9.57)
Observation b76.57 (15.39) ”00.87 (15.49)
lautriV ytilaeR b00.18 (12.24) 133.29 (11.11)
a,bMeans era significantly different from pretest to posttest at
p < .50. Standard deviations era presented in parentheses. lleC
means era based on 21 subjects.
134 TREVLAC DNA NAT
ELBAT 2
Frequency of Subjects Reporting Dizziness
bv Condition
Condition No Dizziness Dizziness
Control 21 0
Observation 11 1
lautriV Realitv 4 8
N = .63
nihtiW the lautriv ytilaer noisremmi ,noitidnoc laitrap snoitalerroc were -moc
detup neewteb aesuan/ssenizzid scores dna eslup rate scores after gnitapicitrap ni
the ;emag pretest eslup rate scores were dellaitrap tuo of the .noitauqe ehT laitrap
noitalerroc was ton tnacifingis ,deliat-owt( p > .)Ol.
elpitluM Aflective Adjective kcehC tsiL Scores. ehT rebmun of sevitcejda
gnitcelfer elitsoh sgnileef was demmus for each tcejbus egnar( .)4-O ytilitsoH
scores were dettimbus ot a 3 )noitidnoC( X 2 )redneG( AVOCNA htiw pretest
scores of elitsoh ytilanosrep stiart as the .etairavoc ehT rotcaf-owt AVOCNA
detupmoc no elitsoh sgnileef dedleiy a niam effect of ,redneg (F 1, 29) = 7.80,
p < .Ol. neM reported erom elitsoh sgnileef gnirud the posttest naht did nemow
(M = 1.06, SD = 1.16 .sv M = ,71. SD = .38, .)ylevitcepser yrartnoC ot
,noitciderp rehtien noitidnoc ron elitsoh ytilanosrep etairavoc scores were -ifingis
.tnac
Aggressive .sthguohT ehT txen sisylana denimaxe the tnetnoc of ’stcejbus
sthguoht as yeht ,detapicitrap ,devresbo or detalumis lautriv ytilaer .stnemevom
ehT rebmun of evissergga sthguoht was dettimbus ot a 3 )noitidnoC( X 2 -neG(
der) AVOCNA htiw pretest scores of elitsoh ytilanosrep stiart as the .etairavoc
ehT rotcaf-owt AVOCNA detupmoc no evissergga sthguoht dedleiy a niam effect
of ,noitidnoc F(1) 29) = 6.18, p < .01 . sA ,detciderp evissergga sthguoht were
reported erom netfo yb stcejbus ni the lautriv ytilaer noisremmi noitidnoc (M =
1.42) naht yb those ni the noitavresbo (M = )71. or lortnoc (M = .33) -idnoc
.snoit sA expected, nem dna nemow reported ralimis seicneuqerf of evissergga
sthguoht ni the lautriv ytilaer noitidnoc (M = 1.50 .sv M = ,33.1 .)ylevitcepser
yrartnoC ot ,noitciderp nem did ton report erom evissergga sthguoht naht did
nemow rehtie ni the noitavresbo noitidnoc (M = .17 vs. M = .17, )ylevitcepser
or ni the lortnoc noitidnoc (M = 0 .sv M = .67, .)ylevitcepser ehT elitsoh
ytilanosrep tiart etairavoc score was ton .tnacifingis
Total rebmuN of .sthguohT oT test for llarevo lasuora effects, na sisylana
ygetarts depoleved yb namhsuB dna neeG (1990) was adapted. ,yllacificepS the
latot rebmun of sthguoht was dettimbus ot a 3 )noitidnoC( X 2 )redneG(