impact of slurry fertilization on nutrient leaching and on the abundance of antibiotic resistance

132 Pages·2016·3.39 MB·English

IMPACT OF SLURRY FERTILIZATION ON
NUTRIENT LEACHING AND ON THE
ABUNDANCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
GENES IN AGRICULTURAL SOIL
VEDELSÕNNIKUGA VÄETAMISE MÕJU TOITAINETE
LEOSTUMISELE JA ANTIBIOOTIKUMIRESISTENTSUSE
GEENIDE ARVUKUSELE PÕLLUMULLAS
MAILIIS TAMPERE
A Thesis
applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture
Väitekiri
Filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks põllumajanduse erialal
Tartu 2017

Eesti Maaülikooli doktoritööd

Doctoral Theses of the
Estonian University of Life Sciences

IMPACT OF SLURRY FERTILIZATION ON
NUTRIENT LEACHING AND ON THE
ABUNDANCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
GENES IN AGRICULTURAL SOIL
VEDELSÕNNIKUGA VÄETAMISE MÕJU TOITAINETE
LEOSTUMISELE JA ANTIBIOOTIKUMIRESISTENTSUSE
GEENIDE ARVUKUSELE PÕLLUMULLAS
MAILIIS TAMPERE
A Thesis
applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture
Väitekiri
Filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks põllumajanduse erialal
Tartu 2017
Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
Estonian University of Life Sciences
According to verdict No 6-14/10-9, 30th of September, 2016, the Doctoral
Committee of the Agricultural and Natural Sciences of the Estonian
University of Life Sciences has accepted the thesis for the defence of the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture.
Opponent: Professor Eila Turtola, PhD
Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)
Supervisors: Senior researcher Evelin Loit, PhD
Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
Estonian University of Life Sciences
Researcher Henn Raave, PhD
Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences
Estonian University of Life Sciences
Reviewer: Professor Lars Bergström, PhD
Department of Soil and Environment
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Defence of the thesis:
Estonian University of Life Sciences, room 2A1, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu
on 2nd of February, 2017, at 11.15.
The English in the current thesis was revised by Dr Hannah Brown and
the Estonian by Professor emeritus Rein Viiralt, Urve Ansip and Linda
Püssa.
Publication of this dissertation is supported by the Estonian University
of Life Sciences.
© Mailiis Tampere, 2017
ISSN 2382-7076
ISBN 978-9949-569-63-2 (trükis)
ISBN 978-9949-569-64-9 (pdf)
CONTENTS
LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS .................................................7
ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................8
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................9
2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ..................................................12
2.1. Slurry – its efficiency and problems associated with its use ...12
2.1.1. Leaching .............................................................................13
2.1.1.1. Fertilizer impact on leaching ............................15
2.1.1.2. Possibilities for reducing leaching ....................16
2.1.2. Antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes in
environment ........................................................................18
3. HYPOTHESES AND AIMS OF THE STUDY ............................21
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................22
4.1. Experimental treatments ...............................................................22
4.2. Sampling and analyses ...................................................................23
4.3. Statistics ............................................................................................24
5. RESULTS .................................................................................................25
5.1. Impact of fertilizer type on nutrient leaching (II) ...................25
5.2. Fluctuation in leaching during the experimental period ..........27
5.3. Impact of N rate on nutrient leaching (II) .................................28
5.4. Impact of sward botanical composition on
nutrient leaching (I) ........................................................................29
5.5. Impact of activated carbon on nutrient leaching (III) .............32
5.6. Impact of fertilization on antibiotic
resistance genes in soil (IV) ..........................................................33
6. DISCUSSION ..........................................................................................35
6.1. Impact of fertilizer type on nutrient leaching (II) ....................35
6.2. Fluctuation in leaching during the experimental period ..........38
6.3. Impact of N rate on nutrient leaching (II) .................................39
6.4. Impact of sward botanical composition on
nutrient leaching (I) ........................................................................40
6.5. Impact of activated carbon on nutrient leaching (III) .............42
5
6.6. Impact of fertilization on antibiotic resistance genes
in soil (IV) .......................................................................................43
CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................................................45
REFERENCES ............................................................................................49
SUMMARY IN ESTONIAN ....................................................................65
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................76
APPENDIX ..................................................................................................77
ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS .................................................................79
CURRICULUM VITAE...........................................................................121
ELULOOKIRJELDUS ............................................................................123
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS .....................................................................125
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LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS
This thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred to by
their Roman numerals (I-IV in the text):
I Tampere, M., Kauer, K., Keres, I., Loit, E., Selge, A., Viiralt,
R., Raave, H. 2014. Effects of sward botanical composition on
nitrogen and potassium leaching in cut grassland. Zemdirbyste-
Agriculture, 101(4), 389–394.
II Tampere, M., Kauer, K., Keres, I., Loit, E., Selge, A., Viiralt, R.,
Raave, H. 2015. The effect of fertilizer and N application rate on
nitrogen and potassium leaching in cut grassland. Zemdirbyste-
Agriculture, 102(4), 381–388.
III Raave, H., Keres, I., Kauer, K., Nõges, M., Rebane, J., Tampere,
M., Loit, E. 2014. The impact of activated carbon on NO−-N,
3
NH+-N, P and K leaching in relation to fertilizer use. European
4
Journal of Soil Science, 65(1), 120–127.
IV Nõlvak H., Truu M., Kanger K., Tampere M., Espenberg, M.,
Loit E., Raave H., Truu J. 2016. Inorganic and organic fertilizers
impact the abundance and proportion of antibiotic resistance and
integron-integrase genes in agricultural grassland soil. Science of
the Total Environment, 562, 678–689.
All papers are reproduced with due permission from the publishers. The
contributions from the authors to the papers were following:
I II III IV
Idea and design HR HR HR HN, JT, MTruu
Field experiment HR HR HR MT
Data collection HR, MT HR, MT HR, MT KK, MT
Data analysis HR, MT HR, MT HR, MT All
Preparation of manuscript All All All All
MT – Mailiis Tampere; HR – Henn Raave; HN – Hiie Nõlvak; JT–Jaak Truu; MTruu–
Marika Truu; KK – Kärt Kanger; All – all authors of the paper
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ABBREVIATIONS
AC activated carbon
ARG antibiotic resistance gene
BC biochar
blaCTX-M ARG encoding β-lactamase resistance
blaOXA2 ARG encoding β-lactamase resistance
CEC cation exchange capacity
CS cattle slurry
DM dry matter
Dw dry material weight
F mineral NPK fertilizer
K potassium
N nitrogen
NH ammonia
3
NH+-N ammonium nitrogen
4
NO – -N nitrate nitrogen
3
P phosphorus
PS pig slurry
PD pig slurry digestate
qnrS ARG encoding fluoroquinolone resistance
qPCR quantitative or real-time polymerase chain reaction
S soil
S + AC soil mixed with activated carbon
sul1 ARG encoding sulfonamide resistance
tetA ARG encoding tetracycline resistance
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