Impact of Littoral Environmental Variability on Acoustic Predictions and Sonar Performance Impact of Littoral Environmental Variability of Acoustic Predictions and Sonar Performance Edited by Niebolas G. Pace and Finn B. Jensen SACLANT Undersea Research Centre, La Spezia, ltaly SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com. ISBN 978-94-010-3933-8 ISBN 978-94-010-0626-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-0I0-0626-2 Printedon acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2002 Springer Science+-Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface xi Section 1 - Ocean variability 1 Acoustic effects of environmental variability in the SWARM, PRIMER and ASIAEX experiments (Jnvited paper) J Lynch, A. Fredricks, J Colosi, G. Gawarkiewicz, A. Newhall, C.-S. Chiu and M. Orr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Acoustic intensity variability in a shallow water environment B.H. Pasewark, S.N. Wolf, M.H. Orr and JF Lynch .. 11 Combination of acoustics with high resolution oceanography (Invited paper) J Sellschopp, P Nielsen and M. Siderius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Effect of hurricane Michael on the underwater acoustic environment of the Scotian Shelf D. Hutt, J Osler and D. Ellis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 High-frequency acoustic propagation in the presence of oceanographic variability M. Badiey, K. Wong and L. Lenain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Instrumented tow cable measurements of temperature variability of the water colurnn A.A. Ruffa and M. T. Sundvik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Mesoscale - small scale oceanic variability effects on underwater acoustic signa1 propagation E. Coelho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Spatial coherence of signals forward scattered from the sea surface in the East China Sea (Jnvited paper) PH. Dahl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Variability in high frequency acoustic backscattering in the water colurnn A.C. Lavery, T.K. Stanton and PH. Wiebe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Section 2 - Seabed variability 71 Intra- and inter-regional geoacoustic variability in the littoral (Invited paper) C. W Holland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Acoustic and in-situ techniques for measuring the spatial variability of seabed geoacoustic parameters in littoral environments JC. Osler, PC. Hines and M. V. Trevorrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Measurements ofbottom variability during SWAT New Jersey Shelf experiment A. Turgut, D. Lavoie, D.J. Walter and WB. Sawyer . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 V vi Mapping seabed variability using combined echosounder and XBPs for sonar performance prediction K.M Kelly and G.J. Heald . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Variability of shear wave speed and attenuation in surficial marine sediments MD. Richardson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 In-situ determination of the variability of seatloor acoustic properties: An example from the ONR Geoclutter area L.A. Mayer, B.J. Kraft, P. Simpkin, P. Lavoie, E. Jabs and E. Lynskey . 115 Calculation of in situ acoustic wave properties in marine sediments B.J. Kraft, L.A. Mayer, P. Simpkin, P. Lavoie, E. Jabs, E. Lynskey and J.A. Gof! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Sub-bottom variability characterization using surface acoustic waves (/nvited paper) ME. Zakharia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 The intluence of noise and coherence tluctuations on a new geo-acoustic inversion technique C.H Harrison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Estimating shallow water bottom geo-acoustic parameters using ambient noise D. Tang ................................... 147 Effect of environmental variability on model-based signal processing: Review of experimental results in the Mediterranean (Invited paper) J.-P. Hermand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Rapid geoacoustic characterization for limiting environmental uncertainty for sonar system performance prediction K.D. Heaney and H Cox . ......................... 163 Environmental uncertainty in acoustic inversion S.E. Dosso and M.J. Wilmut . . . . . . . . 171 Measuring the azimuthal variability of acoustic backscatter from littoral seabeds (Invited paper) P.C. Hines, J.C. Osler and D.J. MacDougald . .............. 179 Backscatter from elastic ocean bottoms: Using the small slope model to assess acoustical variability and uncertainty R.F. Gragg, R.J. Soukup and R. C. Gauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Spatial and temporal variability in bottom roughness: lmplications to high frequency subcritical penetration and backscatter (Invited paper) K.L. Williams, D.R. Jackson, E.I. Thorsos, D. Tang and K.B. Briggs . . 195 Variability ofbottom backscattering strengthin the 10-500 kHz band at shallow grazing angles NP. Chotiros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Predicting scattered envelope statistics of patchy seatloors (Invited paper) A.P. Lyons, D.A. Abraham and E. Pouliquen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 The effect of seabed backscattering variability on the probability of detection and on the performance of seabed classification algorithms E. Pouliquen, L. Pautet and A.P. Lyons .................. 219 Vll Section 3 - Acoustic fluctuations: Measurements 227 Effects of environmental variability on acoustic propagation loss in shallow water (Invited paper) T. Akal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Broadband acoustic signal variability in two "typical" shallow-water regions P.L. Nie/sen, M. Siderius and J. Seilschapp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Variability, coherence and predictability of shallow water acoustic propagation in the Straits of Florida HA. DeFerrari, NJ. Wzlliams and HB. Nguyen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Ambient noise and signal uncertainties during the summer sheltbreak PRIMER exercise P. Abbot, C. Gedney, /. Dyer and C.-S. Chiu ............... 255 Variability effects due to shallow sediment gas in acoustic propagation: A case study from the Malta Plateau KM Kelly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Acoustic fluctuations and their harmonic structure R. Field, J. Newcomb, J. Showalter, J. George and Z. Hailock . . . . . 271 Group and phase speed ana1ysis for predicting and mitigating the effects of fluctuations (Invited paper) W.A. Kuperman, S. Kim, G.F Edelmann, W.S. Hodgkiss, HC. Song and T. Akal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 High-frequency propagation for acoustic communications (lnvited paper) MB. Porter, P. Hursky, M Siderius, VK McDonald and P. Baxley 287 Channel impulse response fluctuations at 6 kHz in shallow water W.S. Hodgkiss, W.A. Kuperman and D.E. Ensberg . . . . . . . . . 295 High resolution analysis of eigenray gain perturbations in ultra-shallow water S.M Simmons, O.R. Hinton, A.E. Adams, B.S. Sharif and J.A. Neasham 303 hnpact of flow variability on fixed side-looking 100 kHz sonar performance in a shallow channel M Trevorrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Correlation between sonar echoes and sea bottom topography J. Wegge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Section 4 - Acoustic fluctuations: Models 327 Acoustic scattering in wave-covered shallow water. The coherent field (lnvited paper) B.J. Uscinski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Simulations of temporal and spatial variability in shallow water propagation E./. Thorsos, FS. Henyey, KL. Wzlliams, W.T. Elam and S.A. Reynolds . 337 Assessing the variability of near-boundary surface and volume reverberation using physics-based scattering models R.C. Gauss, J.M Fialkowski and D. Wurmser .............. 345 Modeling propagation and reverberation sensitivity to oceanographic and seabed variability KD. LePage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Vlll Uncertainty in reverberation modeHing and a related experiment C.H Harrison, M. Prior and A. Baldacci ......... . 361 Statistics of the waveguide invariant distribution in a random ocean D. Rouseff . ....................... . 369 Effects of environmental variability on focused acoustic fields B.E. McDonald, J. Lingevitch and M. Collins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Effects of sound speed fluctuations due to irrtemal waves in shallow water on horizontal wavenumber estimation K.M. Becker and G. V. Frisk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Relative influences of various environmental factors on 50--1000 Hz so und propagation in shelf and s1ope areas T.F. Duda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Sub-mesoscale modeling of environmental variability in a shelf-slope region and the effect on acoustic fluctuations S. Finette, T. Evans and C. Shen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Yellow Sea irrtemal solitary wave variability A. Warn-Varnas, S. Chin-Bing, D. King, J. Hawkins, K. Lamb and M. Teixeira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Four-dimensional data assirnilation for coupled physical-acoustical fields P.F.J. Lermusiaux and C. -S. Chiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Source localization in a highly variable shallow water environment: Results from ASCOT- 01 (Invited paper) M. Siderius, P. Nielsen and J. Sellschopp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Experimental testing of the blind ocean acoustic tomography concept S.M. Jesus, C. Soares, J. Onofre, E. Coelho and P. Picco . . . . . . . . 433 Benchmarking geoacoustic inversion methods for range dependent waveguides (Invited paper) N.R. Chapman, S. Chin-Bing, D. King and R.B. Evans . . . . . . . . . . 441 Adjoint-assisted inversion for shallow water environment parameters P. Hursky, M.B. Porter, B.D. Cornuelle, WS. Hodgkiss and WA. Kuperman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 Tidal effects on MFP via the INTIMATE96 test A. Tolstoy, S. Jesus and 0. Rodriguez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 Multipath effect on DPCA micronavigation of a synthetic aperture sonar L. Wang, G. Davies, A. Bellettini and M. Pinto . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Sea surface simulator for testing a synthetic aperture sonar B. Davis, P. Gough and B. Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Using a faceted rough surface environmental model to simulate shallow-water SAS imagery A.J. Hunter, M.P. Hayes and P. T. Gough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 A study of ping-to-ping coherence of the seabed response L. Pautet, E. Pouliquen and G. Canepa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 Variability of the acoustic response from spherical shells buried in the seabed by model-based analysis of the at-sea data A. Tesei, A. Maguer, WL.J. Fox, R. Lim and H Schmidt . . . . . . . . . 497 lX Section 5 - Sonar signal processing and performance predictions 505 Performance bounds on the detection and localization in a stochastic ocean A.B. Baggeroer and H. Schmidt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 Robust adaptive processing in littoral regions with environmental uncertainty L.M Zurk, N. Lee and B. Tracey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 A robust model-based algorithm for localizing marine marnmal transients C. 0. Tiemann, MB. Porter and J.A. Bildebrand . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Assessment of the impact of uncertainty in seabed geoacoustic parameters on predicted sonar performance MK. Prior, C.H. Harrison and S.G. Healy ................ 531 Reverberation envelope statistics and their dependence on sonar beamwidth and bandwidth D.A. Abraham and A.P. Lyons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 The role of nowcast and forecast input parameters for range dependent trans rnission models J.S. Sendt, A.D. Jones and J.R. Exelby .................. 547 Are current environmental databases adequate for sonar predictions in shallow water? C.M Ferla and F.B. Jensen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 Yellow Sea acoustic uncertainty caused by hydrographic data error P. C. Chu, C.J. Citron, S.D. Haeger, D. Schneider, R.E. Keenan and D.N. Fox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 Detection of sonar induced measurement uncertainties in environmental sensing: A case study with the toroidal volume search sonar C. de Maustier and T. C. Gallaudet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 Environmental variability of the LBVDS sea tests S. Sutherland-Pietrzak and E. McCarthy . . . . . . . . . . . 579 AREA: Adaptive Rapid Environmental Assessment (lnvited paper) H. Schmidt ....................... . 587 Environmentally adaptive sonar contro1 in a tactica1 setting WL.J. Fox, M U. Hazen, C.J. Eggen, R.J. Marks !I and MA. El-Sharkawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 Transfer ofuncertainties through physica1-acoustica1-sonar end-to-end systems: A conceptua1 basis A.R. Robinson, P. Abbat, P.F.J. Lermusiaux and L. Dillman . . . 603 Sonar performance predictions incorporating environmenta1 variabi1ity P. Abbat and I. Dyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 Author Index 619 lncluding a CD-Rom with a.o. color images PREFACE The limiting influence of the environment on sonar has long been recognised as a major challenge to science and technology. As the area of interest shifts towards the lit toral, environmental influences become dominant both in time and space. The manyfold challenges encompass prediction, measurement, assessment and adaptive responses to maximize the effectiveness of systems. Although MCM and ASW activities are dom inated in different ways and scales by the environment, both warfare areas have had to consider the significantly changing requirements posed by operations in the littoraL The fundamental scientific issues involved in developing models relating acoustics to the environment are matched in difficulty by the need for data for their validation and eventual practical use for prediction. In many instances the need is for on-line adaptation of systems to changing circumstances whilst other needs are for the Ionger term planning activities. This book and the attached full-color CD are the proceedings of a conference organ ised by the SACLANT Undersea Research Centre, held at Villa Marigola, Lerici, Italy, on 16-20 September 2002. The fundamental problems associated with environmental variability and sonar were explored at a previous SACLANTCEN conference in 1990.1 These problems have not gone away but, on the one hand are exaggerated by the move to the littoral and on the other hand, are open to treatrnent in new ways that advances in technology and computer power allow. Oceanographers, acousticians, sonar systems engineers and operators need closer understanding of each others problems; we hope that this conference provides some momentum in this direction. One of us (FBJ) is going to chair a special session at the ASA meeting in December 2002 in Cancun, Mexico, which in many ways can be seen as a continuation of this conference both in topic and attendees. The support of ONR through the good offices of Jeff Simmen is much appreciated. N.G. Pace and F.B. Jensen La Spezia, May 2002 10cean Variability & Acoustic Propagation, edited by Jobn Potter and Alex Wam-Vamas (Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 1990) 608 pp. Xl Section 1 IDcean Var·ability
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