impact of land use changes on vegetation cover and sustainable livelihoods along the banks of ...

114 Pages·2009·2.75 MB·English

IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGES ON VEGETATION
COVER AND SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS ALONG
THE BANKS OF NILES AT KHARTOUM
STATE, SUDAN

Submitted by:
Galal Elawad Khaled Omer
B.Sc. (Honours), Faculty of Forestry,
University of Khartoum, 2005

A thesis for the fulfilment of the requirements of M.Sc. degree

Department of Forest Conservation and Protection
Faculty of Forestry, University of Khartoum

July – 2009
Dedication

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Galal

I
Acknowledgements

First of all, all praise goes to the almighty Allah, the sustainer who has been
showering His endless blessings on me throughout my life. The leaves of the
tree cannot even wave without his consent.

I would like to extend my gratitude to the DAAD (Deutscher Akademischer
Austausch Dienst) e.V. German Academic Exchange Service for granting
me the Scholarship to complete my master’s study and research and make
them a success.

It is a great pleasure and privilege to convey my deepest gratefulness and
immense admiration to my academic advisor and eventually my thesis
supervisor, Dr. Babiker Ahmed El Hassan for his constant advice, guidance
in structuring this work, and also for his invaluable inspiration, continued
encouragement, and continuous supports for taking the challenge of this
research idea and giving this thesis a final shape.

My sincere appreciation is also extended to Dr. El Amin Sanjak Mohamed
Ali who provided me with support, advice, guidance and helpful suggestions
especially in the parts related to social studies during the research work.

My special thanks to Dr. Omer Said Musa who provided a lot of information
related to my research and for his guidance in preparing the research
proposal.

II
My thanks are due to all my Friends who helped in various ways during the
conduction of this research work.

My thanks are also extended to all the colleagues who participated in data
collection. Elyas Ahmed Elyas, Faisal Ahmed Yassen, Eltayeb Hamid,
Hythum Hashim Gebreel, Balla Elfadil Ahmed, Mustafa Kamil Fahmy, El
Nour Mahmoud El Nour, and Mutasim Mohamed Said.

Finally, the faces which always shine in the deepest part in my heart are my
mother, father, brothers and sister. I am lucky in having such great parents.
Thanks are due to them for their endless encouragement, inspiration, and
moral supports.

Here, I would like to dedicate this research work to my great lovely Mother,
Father and my Brother Omer who have kindled the lighthouse in my way
towards achieving success in my life.

III
ABSTRACT
Impact of Land Use Changes on Vegetation Cover and Sustainable
Livelihoods Along the Banks of Niles at Khartoum State, Sudan
M.Sc. (Forestry thesis)
By: Galal Elawad Khaled Omer

Abstract: This research deals with the different land uses on the banks of
the River Nile, Blue and White Niles in the study area. Three locations have
been selected along parts of the waterfront in Khartoum State with the
objective of assessing changes in land use and its impact on the vegetation
cover and the sustainable livelihoods of the population. The study benefited
from the techniques of aerial photographs and satellite products, which
describes the current land use patterns and the former uses during
approximately thirty years. The products of 1972 and 2001 were analyzed
and compared with ERDAS program to determine the magnitude of changes
in land use. Two types of data were used; namely, primary and secondary
data. The field survey revealed the existence of four types of land use in the
study area. These types were investment buildings and settlement,
agricultural land (farms), forests (trees and shrubs) and red-brick factories
(Kilns). The fifth category is bare lands which are left without any pattern of
usage. The results showed that the area of agricultural land, industrial and
residential areas have increased while the forest area and bare land have
decreased as a result of the changes imposed by both the government and the
local population for using land for Kilns, housing and investment buildings.
These activities have led to land degradation in terms of environmental value
and productivity.
IV
An important aspect of the research results is that the impact of land use on
forest cover and livelihoods of the population is very complex and dynamic.
This is exemplified by the changes on the west bank of the White Nile where
land adjacent to the Gerif land have changed from agricultural use to
residential and investment usage, (City of business and money). Also, on
the other side of the White Nile bank the Sunt forest has been affected by the
creation and construction of the Ingas Bridge and Sunt city have taken some
parts Sunt area and affected the lives of people in the study area. The
changes in along of the banks of the Blue Nile included construction of
Kilns and factories which have affected the environment. Changes in land
use along the banks of the River Nile included the planned and non planned
buildings and small-scale Kilns. Generally, the climate fluctuation and
human illegal interference are the most important factors in this process.
The study concluded that the use of land requires a clear plan for optimum
land use. According to the information collected from questionnaire, various
human activities are behind this change and these changes have led to the
deterioration of forest cover and consequently resulted in the loss of a source
of income for the local population. Some parts of the study area were
converted into buildings, Kilns and residential at the expense of forests and
pastures. Because of these alarming changes, decision makers should
initiate efficient plans and management of the forests to reduce or stop
further changes in land cover, especially in arid and semi arid areas. The
study also recommends that the plan for the sound use of land need to be
reviewed from time to time, to ensure rehabilitation, reduce vulnerability to
desertification and halt the encroachment use by construction of facilities
and buildings at the expense of environmental issues. The research arrived at
other recommendations.
V
ABSTRACT (ARABIC)
لﻮﻃ ﻰﻠﻋ ةﺎﻴﺤﻟا ﺔﻳراﺮﻤﺘﺳاو ﻲﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟا ءﺎﻄﻐﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺿارﻷا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳإ تاﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺮِ ﻴﺛﺄﺗ
نادﻮﺴﻟا ،مﻮﻃﺮﺨﻟا ﺔﻳﻻو ﻲﻓ ﻞﻴﻨﻟا فﺎﻔﺿ

ﻞﻴﻨﻟا، ﻞﻴﻨﻟا ﺮﻬﻧ ﻲﺘﻔﺿ ﻲﻠﻋ ضرﻼﻟ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا تﺎﻣاﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻﺎﺑ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا اﺬه ﺺﺘﺨﻳ :ﺺﻠﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟا
ﺔﻳﻻﻮﺑ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻤﻟا تﺎﻬﺟاﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ثﻼﺛ تﺮﻴﺘﺧا .ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﺑ ﺾﻴﺑﻻا ﻞﻴﻨﻟاو قرزﻻا
ﺔﻳراﺮﻤﺘﺳاو ﻲﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟا ءﺎﻄﻐﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﺎهﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗو ضرﻻا تﺎﻣاﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻲﻓ تاﺮﻴﻐﺘﻟا ﻢﻳﻮﻘﺗو ﺔﺳارﺪﻟ مﻮﻃﺮﺨﻟا
ﻒﺼﺗ ﻲﺘﻟاو ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا رﺎﻤﻗﻻا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣو ﺔﻳﻮﺠﻟا رﻮﺼﻟا تﺎﻴﻨﻘﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا تدﺎﻔﺘﺳا .نﺎﻜﺴﻟا ةﺎﻴﺣ
ماﻮﻋﻻا تﺎﺠﺘﻨﻣ ﺖﻠﻠﺣو ﺎًﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﻴﺛﻼﺛ برﺎﻘﺗ ةﺮﺘﻓ لﻼﺧ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا و ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟا ضِ رﻷا لِ ﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳإ طﺎﻤﻧا
.ضرﻷا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳإ ﻲﻓ تاﺮﻴﻐﺘﻟا ﻢﺠﺣ ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺘﻟ ﺎﻬﺘﻧرﺎﻘﻣو ERDAS ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﺑ ﺖﻧرﻮﻗو 2001 و 1972
ﺔﻌﺑرا دﻮﺟو ﺔﻴﻟوﻻا تﺎﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟا ﺖﺤﺿوأ .ﺔﻳﻮﻧﺎﺛ تﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ و ﺔﻴﻟوا تﺎﻧﺎﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﻩﺬه تﺪﻤﺘﻋا
ﻲﺿارا و ﺔﻴﻨﻜﺳ ﻲﺿارا و ﺔﻳرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳا ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻲهو ،ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﺑ ﻲﺿارﻻا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻ طﺎﻤﻧا
ﺔﺴﻣﺎﺨﻟا ﺔﺌﻔﻟاو (ﻦﺋﺎﻤآ )ﺮﻤﺣﻻا بﻮﻄﻟا ﻊﻧﺎﺼﻣ و ،(تاﺮﻴﺠﺷو رﺎﺠﺷا) تﺎﺑﺎﻏ و ،(عراﺰﻣ) ﺔﻴﻋارز
ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ نا ﻲﻠﻋ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟا ﺖﻟد . ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻا ﻦﻣ ﻂﻤﻧ يأ نود ﺖآﺮﺗ ءادﺮﺟ ﻲﺿارأ ﻦﻋ ةرﺎﺒﻋ
ﻲﺿارﻻا و تﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﺖﺼﻘﻧ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ تدادزا ﺪﻗ ﺔﻴﻨﻜﺴﻟا و ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا و ﺔﻴﻋارﺰﻟا ﻲﺿارﻻا
ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻣاﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻ ﻦﻴﻴﻠﺤﻤﻟا نﺎﻜﺴﻟاو ﺔﻣﻮﻜﺤﻟا ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ضرﻻا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻲﻓ لﻮﺤﺘﻟا ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺨﻟا
ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻟا ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﻲﺿارﻻا رﻮهﺪﺗ ﻲﻟا يدا ﺎﻤﻣ ،رﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻاو ﻦﻜﺴﻟاو ﻦﺋﺎﻤﻜﻟا ضاﺮﻏا
اﺪﺟ ةﺪﻘﻌﻣ نﺎﻜﺴﻟا ةﺎﻴﺣو تﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ﻲﺿارﻻا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ نا ﻲه ﺚﺤﺒﻟا ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻧ ﻢها .ﺔﻴﺟﺎﺘﻧﻻاو
ﺖﻟﻮﺣ ﺚﻴﺣ ضرﻻا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻ تاﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﺖﺛﺪﺣ ﺾﻴﺑﻻا ﻞﻴﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺑﺮﻐﻟا ﺔﻔﻀﻟا ﻲﻠﻌﻓ ، ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻲﻓو
ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻣ ) يرﺎﻤﺜﺘﺳﻻاو ﻲﻨﻜﺴﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻا ﻲﻟا ﻲﻋارﺰﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻا ﻦﻣ فوﺮﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻤﺧﺎﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﺿارﻻا
ﻞﺜﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﻴﺜﻜﺑ تﺮﺛﺎﺗ ﺪﻗ ﻂﻨﺴﻟا ﺔﺑﺎﻏ نا ﺪﺠﻨﻓ ﻞﻴﻨﻠﻟ يﺮﺧﻻا ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﻣا .(لﺎﻤﻋﻻاو لﺎﻤﻟا
عاﻮﻧا ﻦﻣ عﻮﻧ اﺬه ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻳو .ﺎﻬﺘﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﻦﻣ اًءﺰﺟ اﺬﺧا ﻦﻴﻳﺬﻟا ﻂﻨﺴﻟا ﺔﻨﻳﺪﻣ ﺪﻴﻴﺸﺗو ذﺎﻘﻧﻻا ﺮﺴﺟ ءﺎﺸﻧا
ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗ ﺎﻀﻳا .ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻤﺑ نﺎﻜﺴﻟا ةﺎﻴﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺎًﺑﺎﺠﻳاو ﺎًﺒﻠﺳ ﺮﺛﺆﻳ يﺬﻟا ضرﻻا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻲﻓ لﻮﺤﺘﻟا
ﻞﻴﻨﻟا ﺮﻬﻧ ﻲﻓ تاﺮﻴﻐﺘﻟا ﻞﺜﻤﺘﺗو ،ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ تﺮﺛا ﻲﺘﻟا ﻊﻧﺎﺼﻤﻟاو ﻦﺋﺎﻤﻜﻟا ﻲﻓ قرزﻻا ﻞﻴﻨﻟﺎﺑ تاﺮﻴﻐﺘﻟا
ﻦﺋﺎﻤﻜﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻧ ﻞﻗا) ﻦﺋﺎﻤﻜﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻐﺘﺴﻣ ةﺮﻴﻐﺻ تﺎﺣﺎﺴﻣو ﺔﻄﻄﺨﻤﻟاو ﺔﻴﺋاﻮﺸﻌﻟا ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ
ﻦﻣ ﻲه ةﺮﺋﺎﺠﻟا نﺎﺴﻧﻻا تﻼﺧﺪﺗو ﺔﻴﺧﺎﻨﻤﻟا تﺎﺒﻠﻘﺘﻟا نا ﺪﺠﻧ ﺎًﻣﻮﻤﻋ و .(قرزﻻا ﻞﻴﻨﻟا ﻲﻠﻋ ةدﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟا
VI
ﺔﻄﺧ ﻲﻟا جﺎﺘﺤﻳ ﻲﺿارﻻا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا نا ﻲﻟا ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺖﺼﻠﺧ .ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﻩﺬﻬﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺮﻟا ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﻢها
تﺎﻃﺎﺸﻧ نا ﺢﻀﺗا نﺎﻴﺒﺘﺳﻻا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻌﻤﺟ ﻢﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا تﺎﻣﻮﻠﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﺎﻘﻓوو ضرﻼﻟ ﻞﺜﻣﻻا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﺔﺤﺿاو
ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑو ﻲﺑﺎﻐﻟا ءﺎﻄﻐﻟا رﻮهﺪﺗ ﻲﻟا تدا تاﺮﻴﻐﺘﻟا ﻩﺬه ناو ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺘﻟا ﻚﻟذ ءارو ﻲه ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟا نﺎﺴﻧﻻا
ﻲﻟا ﺖﻟﻮﺤﺗ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻓ تﺎﺣﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ ناو ﻦﻴﻴﻠﺤﻤﻟا نﺎﻜﺴﻟا ﻞﺧد رﺪﺼﻣ ناﺪﻘﻓ ﻲﻟا تدا
ةﺮﻴﻄﺨﻟا تاﺮﻴﻐﺘﻟا ﻩﺬه مﺰﻠﺗ .ﻲﻋاﺮﻤﻟاو تﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟا ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ بﺎﺴﺣ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﻜﺳ ﻂﻄﺧو ﻦﺋﺎﻤآو ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ
،ضِ رﻷا ءِﺎﻄﻏ ﻲﻓ تاﺮﻴﻐﺘﻟا ﻒﻗّو وأَ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟ تﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟا ةَرادﻻ ءﻮﻔآ ﻂَ ﻴﻄﺨﺗ ءﺪﺑ ﻲﻓ راﺮﻘﻟا ﻲﻌﻧﺎﺻ
ضرﻼﻟ ﻢﻴﻠﺴﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻼﻟ ﺔﻄﺧ ﻊﺿﻮﺑ ﺔﺳارﺪﻟا ﺖﺻوا .ﺔﻠﺣﺎﻘﻟا ﻪﺒﺷو ﺔﻠﺣﺎﻘﻟا ﻖِ ﻃﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎًﺻﻮﺼﺧ
ﺮﺤﺼﺘﻠﻟ ضﺮﻌﺘﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗو تﺎﺑﺎﻐﻟا ﻞﻴهﺎﺗ ةدﺎﻋﻻ ﻚﻟذو يﺮﺧا ﻲﻟا ﻩﺮﺘﻓ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﺘﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ﻢﺘﺗ نا ﻲﻠﻋ
ﻞﺻﻮﺗ ﺎﻤآ .ﺔﻴﺌﻴﺒﻟا روﺎﺤﻤﻟا بﺎﺴﺣ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻤﻟاو تﺎﺸﻨﻤﻟا ﺪﻴﻴﺸﺘﻟ ﻲﺿارﻻا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا لﻮﻐﺗ ﻒﻗوو
.يﺮﺧﻻا تﺎﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ دﺪﻌﻟ ﺚﺤﺒﻟا

VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEDICATION...................................................................................... I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................. II
ABSTRACT......................................................................................... IV
ABSTRACT (ARABIC)....................................................................... VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................... VIII
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................ XI
LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................. XII
ACRONYMS ABBREVIATION........................................................ XIII
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background..........................................................................................1
1.2. Population............................................................................................3
1.3. Forests resources in Sudan.................................................................3
1.4. Statement of the problem...................................................................5
1.5. Justification..........................................................................................6
1.6. Objectives.............................................................................................7
1.7. Research questions..............................................................................7
1.8. Structure of the study.........................................................................8
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. General....................................................................................................9
2.2. Land tenure..........................................................................................11
2.3. The land use and cover change (LUCC) project...............................13
2.4. Land use and land over………………………………….…….....….15
2.5. Land use and Land cover change……………………………….......15
2.6. Land use and land cover classification systems …………................17
2.7. Land use and land cover change detection …………..…….............19
2.8. Land use cover change and urbanization................................…......20
2.9. Land degradation in Sudan………………………………….…........22
2.10. Impacts of deforestation....................................................................23
2.11. FAO framework for land evaluation................................................24
2.12. Structure of the FAO framework for land evaluation....................26
2.13. Land use classification…….……………………………………..…27
2.14. Land use planning…………………….……………………….....…29
2.15. Livelihood, land use and environment interactions........................30
2.16. Status forest resources in Sudan……………………………..…….32
2.19. Quantifying and qualifying desertification………………...…..….32
VIII
CHAPTER III
STUDY AREA
3.1. General........................................................................................ 34
3.2. Location....................................................................................... 35
3.3. Climate........................................................................................ 38
3.4. Natural vegetation...................................................................... 38
3.5. The forest recourses in Khartoum State…………………….. 39
3.6. Soil............................................................................................... 40
3.6.1 Nubian sand tone……………………………………………… 40
3.6.2 Gezira Formation……………………………………………... 41
3.7. Land use system.......................................................................... 42
3.8. Irrigation system........................................................................ 43
3.9. Problem of desertification and current status......................... 43
3.10 Kilns around Khartoum state..........................................…..... 44
CHAPTER IV
METHODOLOGY
4.1. Introduction................................................................................ 45
4.1.1. Methods and data collection..................................................... 46
4.1.2 Photograph and observations................................................... 46
4.1.3. Official record............................................................................ 47
4.2. Sampling techniques.................................................................. 47
4.2.1. Selection of locations.................................................................. 47
4.2.2. Selection of households.............................................................. 48
4.3. Construction of questionnaire.................................................. 49
4.4. Organization of the data............................................................ 50
4.5. Pre-testing................................................................................... 50
4.6. Other helping data and analysis............................................... 51
4.7. Statistical analysis...................................................................... 51
CHAPTER V
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1. General introduction.................................................................. 51
5.2 Different activities surrounding study area…………………. 52
5.3. The general characteristic of respondents………………… 57
5.4. The distribution of respondents according to Gender and
Educational level ……………………………………………... 57
5.5. The distribution of respondents according to source of
income…….............................................................................. 59
5.6. Current status of the forests……………………… ………… 60
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