Impact of Agricultural Research on Poverty Alleviation

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EPTD DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 56

IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ON POVERTY
ALLEVIATION: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK WITH
ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE LITERATURE

John Kerr and Shashi Kolavalli

Environment and Production Technology Division
and
Food Consumption and Nutrition Division

International Food Policy Research Institute
2033 K Street, NW
Washington, DC 20006 USA

and

Impact Assessment and Evaluation Group
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

December 1999

EPTD Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results, and are circulated
prior to a full peer review in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most
Discussion Papers will eventually be published in some other form, and that their content may also be
revised.
This paper was prepared as part of a project titled "Impact of Agricultural Research on Poverty
Reduction", which is being undertaken by IFPRI on behalf of the Impact Assessment and Evaluation Group
(IAEG) of the CGIAR. Funding was generously provided by the Governments of Australia, Denmark and
the Netherlands, the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the CGIAR Co-
Sponsors: FAO, the World Bank, UNDP and UNEP. An earlier draft of this paper was presented and

discussed at a methodology workshop organized as part of the project in May 1999.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
sravitlu cgnidlei yhgi h,we nthguor bnoitulove rneer geh tretf asrae y0 3nah teroM
yna meugal pllit sekatn idoo fwo ldn aytrevo plaru r,seirtnuo cgnipoleve dn isremra fot
rlarutlucirg af oelo reh tnoitseu qelpoe pyna M.dlro weh ttuohguorh tseirtnuoc n ihcraese
dn asremra freroo prev osremra fyhtlae wsrova ft itah tgniugr a,ytrevo pgnitaivella
hcraese rtah tswoh sdroce reh t,dna hreht oeh tn O.srerobal - stnemevorpm ilacinhce tdel
eerh t ao tdetubirtno cevah - nipoleve dn inoitcudor pdoo fn iesaercn idlof ,seirtnuo cg
enima fdaerpsedi w,cinorh ce bdluo wdetcider pda hsrevresb oemo stah wtrev agnipleh
.dlro wgnipoleve deh ttuohguorht
devorpm if oelo reh tf otcejbu seh tn oerutareti leh tsweive rrepa psihT
ve dn iytrevo pgnitaivell an iygolonhce tlarutlucirga yliramir pgnisuco F.seirtnuo cgnipole
swoh st i,metsy shcraese rlarutlucirg alanoitanretn ieh ty bdecudor psravitlu cdevorpm ino
o tsrotca flanoitutitsn idn acimonoceoico sreht ohti wsenibmo cygolonhce twe nwoh
ce T.semoctu onoitaivell aytrevo penimreted hto bs iytrevo pgnitaivell an ielo rs’ygolonh
deunitno cna cro n,ytrevo pemocrev otonna cenol aygolonhce t;laitra pdn atceridni
.ygolonhce tdevorpm in odemal be bytrevop
dn anoitcudortn ieh to tnoitidd an istra peerh totn idezinagr os iweive rehT
oisulcnoc larutlucirg af ostnemeveihc aeh tdn a) 2retpahC (ytrevo psecudortn i Itra P.n
s it iwo hdn aytrevo pdlro wf otnetx eeh tsezirammu s 2retpah C.) 3retpahC (hcraeser
enife dytrevo pn osesuco ft I.dlro weh tf osnoige rtnereffi dnihti wdn assorc adetubirtsid d
lanoitanretn ieh tecni semocn iatipa cre pwo ldn anoitavirpe dlaireta mf osmre tni
eh T.ya wsih tn idenife dytrevo pecude ro tdetadna msa wmetsy shcraese rlarutlucirga
lle wf oserusae mredaor bo tdetale rytrevo pf osnoito nsecudortn iosl aretpahc - gnieb dna
neewte bpihsnoitale reh tenimax eo tdetcudno ce blli wweive retarape s a;tnemrewopme
de lhcraeser - .tnemrewopm ef oserusae msuoira vdn asecnavd alacigolonhcet
if oemo sstnemuco ddn ahcraese rlarutlucirg af ostuptu oeh tsebircse d 3retpahC ts
lle weh T.stnemeveihca - dn asdlei ypor cn isesaercn itsa vdelban enoitulove rneer gnwonk
esa bcitene gworra n ada hseiteira vnredo mylra eeh ttu b,seirtnuo cgnipoleve dn ituptuo
i
litre flacimeh cdn anoitagirr in otnednepe dylhgi hsa wecnamrofre prieh tdna izers,
n is isseccu selbaredisno cnee bsa hereh tneh tecni S.sedicibre hdn asedicitsep
daor bero mhti wsravitlu cgnipoleved - sse ler asdlei yesoh wnoitisopmo ccitene gdesab
tah taidn If osaer adefnia r,tluse r as A.stupn ireht odn anoitagirr io tevitisnes detpod a
neer geh ty bderevo caer adetagirr ilanigir oeh tdedeecx es089 1eh tn iseiteira vdevorpmi
,stupn if oes urette bhti wroirepu se bsyawl alli wecnamrofre P.s069 1eh tn inoitulover
hsa cevi gstnemevorpm ilacinhce ttnece rtub - un isremra fdeniartsnoc saer aelbarovafn
.yltaer gnoitcudor prieh tesia ro tseitinutropp oretteb
eh tro ferutareti leh tmor fecnediv edn akrowemar flautpecno c asedivor pI ItraP
lacirotsi h aseka tt I.noitaivell aytrevo pdn aygolonhce tlarutlucirg awe nneewte bknil
,evitcepsrep eh tseifilpmi snoissucsi deh T.erutareti leh tmor fecnediv egninimaxe
y bnoitaivell aytrevo pdn aegnah clacigolonhce tneewte bpihsnoitale reh tf oytixelpmoc
hti wsmra fssorc astifene bf onoitubirtsi d) i:segakni lf osepy truo fotn it ignikaerb
rtnereffid dn asremra fneewte bnoitubirtsi d)i i,stnemwodn e)dna lylralucitrap (ecruose
redaor bn otcapm i)v idn a,noitpmusno cdn aytilibaliav adoo fn ostceff e)ii i,srerobal
tso mto nf iyna mtah trebmeme ro ttnatropm is it I.tnemyolpm edn ahtwor gcimonoce
uo hlarur doo ff osreyu bdn asrelle sylsuoenatlumi ser aseirtnuo cgnipoleve dn isdlohes
llarev orieh tn ostceff egnitepmo ceva hsecir plarutlucirg an isegnah co s,roba ldna
.yltnio jdenimax ee btsu msegakni leseh tsdlohesuo hhcu sro F.semocni
utpecno ceh tgniwolloF 5sretpah C,) 4retpahC (krowemar fla - ecnediv eedivor p8
:swollo fs aer asgnidni fnia meh T.ylevitcepse r,evob adetsi lsegakni lruo feh tf ohca eno
)1 eh tn israe yeh trev osesaercn isuodnemer teh tderucsb oeva hsnia gnoitalupoP
gnipoleve dtah tdoo ff oemulov rebmu neh tdn asecudor perutlucirg ayrtnuo c
sa hseirtnuo cgnipoleve dn inoitcudor plaere clato T.syolpm et ielpoe pfo
eerh tdesaercni - OAF (sesaercn idlei yhguorh tyliramir p,169 1ecni sdlof
pe kdn aytilibaliav adoo fdesia ryldetbuodn usa hsih T.)esabatad secir pdoo ft
tah tsdlohesuo hroo pylemertx ero fstifene btnatropm iyllacitir cgnidivor p,wol
er astifene beseh t,revewo H.doo fn oemocn irieh tfla hnah tero mdneps
sa hseirtnuo cgnipoleve df onoitalupo plato teh ttah ttca feh ty bdenepmad
lbuo dnah terom larutlucirg a,ylralimi S.emi tf odoire pema seh tgniru dde
ii
ema seh tgniru d%0 6tuob ay bwer gseirtnuo cgnipoleve dn itnemyolpme
to ner astifene beh tdelbuo dnah tero mecro fkro wlato teh tesuace btu b,doirep
oh welpoe pf onoitropor peh T.tnerapp aylisae nella fsa hroo pera
elpoe proo pf orebmu netulosb aeh t,htwor gnoitalupo phti w,tu byltnacifingis
otn inro ber aseiba btso mneh wytrevo petanimil eo ttluciffi ds it I.to nsah
.sllik sbo jr onoitacud e,emocn iwo lyre vhti wstnera py bdedae hsdlohesuoh
)2 effE hti wsmra fssorc anoitubirtsi democn in oygolonhce tdevorpm if ostc
hto bdni fo tysa es it I.suougibm anee beva hstnemwodn eecruose rtnereffid
hcu ms adettifene beva hsgnidlo hdna lllam shti wsremra froo phcih wn isesac
hcih wn iesoh tdn a,smra fegra lsa ere wygolonhce twe nf ostifene beht
emoctu ohcih W.smra fdezilaicremmo cero m,yhtlae wo tdenifnoc
snoitidno ccimonoceoico sgniylredn ueh tn oyliramir psdnepe dsetanimoderp
n I.e sre pygolonhce teh tf oscitsiretcarah ceh tnah trehta resa cralucitra p afo
er aemocn idn adna lf iyleki lero mer asemoctu oelbatiuq eero m,ralucitrap
dn asecivre stnemnrevo g,stekra m,dn adetubirtsi dyllauq eylevitaler
ero mer asemoctu olaico selbarovafn U.depoleve dlle wer aerutcurtsarfni
n ito ner asnoitidno ceseh tneh wylekil .ecal p
)3 seigolonhce twe nf ostifene bf onoitubirtsi deh tdnuorru sseuss iralimiS
we nf I.snoige rlacigoloceorg aelbarovafn udn aelbarova fn ismra fneewteb
tpod aoh wsaer adetagirr in isremra f,elpmax ero f,noitagirr ieriuqe rsravitluc
tte bemoce bya mmeht gninilce dreffu sya mseno zdefnia rn iesoh telih wff ore
tuptu oecude rdluo wnoitcudor pllarev orehgi hesuace bs isih T.emocni
rewo lro fetasnepmo cdluo csesaercn inoitcudor psremra fgnitpod aro F.secirp
ewo leviece rdluo wsremra fgnitpodano ntu b,secirp leve lema seh tro fsecir pr
sremra f,emi trev otah tstseggu sais Amor fecnediv E.ylsuoiver ps atuptu ofo
evitarapmo c aeva hyeh thcih wn ispor creht oo ttfih ssnoige rgnitpodano nni
er agnitpod aeh to tgnitpodano neh tmor fetargi msrekro wemo S.egatnavda sa
.secnereffi dega wlanoige rgnicude r,nesi rsa hdname droba lerehw
ytilibativen iniatre c as iereh ttu b,ytilae r as isnoige rssorc atcapm ielbatiuqenI
iii
larutlucirg an isnoitidno ccitamilcorg af oecnatropm ieh to teu dsih ttuoba
.noitcudorp
)4 cn oecnedivE lacinhce tmor fgnitluse rsega wdn atnemyolpm en isegnah
sih thguoh t,tnemyolpm eesia rseiteira vdevorpm I.detacilpmo cs iegnahc
neer gf onoitcudortn ilaitin ieh tecni sylbaredisno cdenekae wsa htceffe
a wlae rn isegnah C.s069 1eh tn iseiteira vnoitulover mor fgnitluse rseg
sega w,tsri F.snosae reerh ttsae lt aro fkcar to ttluciffi der adname ddesaercni
;sega wlarutlucirg agninimrete dn ielo r ayal protce slarutlucirgano neh tni
eh tn ihtwor gydaet s,drih tdn a;sega wecneulfn iseicilo pcimonoc e,dnoces
pop ulation of unskilled job - dname deh tstcaretnuo cstnargi mdn asrekees
.tceffe
)5 mrafno neh tn ihtwor gredi wetalumit sna chtwor gytivitcudor plarutlucirgA
,revewo H.noitaivell aytrevo po tetubirtno cna cnru tn ihcih w,ymonoc elarur
guorh tnoitaivell aytrevop n osdnepe ddn aemi tseka thtwor gcimonoc eh
,stess af onoisivi dlaitin ielbatiuq eylevitale rs ahcu ssnoitidno celbarovaf
noitomor pdn a,secivre stnemnrevo gdn aerutcurtsarfn io tssecc adaerpsediw
roba lfo - ns ihtwor gcimonoc eelih W.sesirpretn eevisnetni o ttneiciffu sto
cimonoc eedisgnol A.yrassece ns it itah tstseggu secnediv e,ytrevo petaivella
elpoe proo po tdetegra tsmargor plaicep sseriuqe rnoitaivell aytrevo p,htworg
.seitinutropp omeh tevi gdn aste nytefa sedivor pot
u feh to tdaeh askoo lII ItraP suco fo tseitinutropp olaitneto psenimax et I.erut
eh tsessucsi d 9retpah C.elpoe proo pf osdee neh tn oyllacificep shcraese rlarutlucirga
dluo wtah tya w an iygolonhce twe nf oscitsiretcarah clacinhce tgningise dro fstcepsorp
o csih T.elpoe proo provaf noitirtu nelbarova fhti wsdee sgnipoleve dy beno de bdlu
ahti wsaer an ignikro wr o,emusno cyllacipy telpoe proo ptah tspor cn ognikro w,serutaef
sih tn odedivi dylprah ser athguoh tf osloohc sow T.elpoe proo pf onoitalupo pegral
tah tseugr aen O.eussi ytrevo pcificep so tsevitcejb ohcraese rgnitegrat - noitaivella
ytivitcudor penogero ff osmre tn itso cytinutropp ohgi h aeva hdluo wsevitcejbo
eh T.I Itra Pn idenialpx esnosae rro fnoitaivell aytrevo po tlacitir cer ahcih w,sesaercni
hguoh tf oloohc srehto s ahcu s,serusae mnoitaivell aytrevo preht oyna mtah ttu ostnio pt
iv
roo pda heva h,stroff enoitatnemelppu sdoo fdn astcejor ptnempoleve dsuoirav
dluo chcraese rlarutlucirg adetegra ttah te blle wya mt io s,tso chgi hyre v at aecnamrofrep
tso cero meb - tceffe .evi
elpoe proo ptah tytilibisso peh tdn ahcraese ryrotapicitra psecudortn i0 1retpahC
yrotapicitra P.ssecor phcraese reh tdn aadneg ahcraese reh tn iya sretaer g aeva hdluoc
cro fygolonhce twe ngnipoleve dn iecnamrofre pdevorpm ietatilica fya mhcraeser omplex
hgi h aeva hnetf ohcih w,seno zcitamilcorg aelbarovafn un ismetsy slarutlucirga
ecnamrofre peh tf onoitaulav eeltti lnee bsa hereh teta do T.elpoe proo pf onoitartnecnoc
tuob aerutareti leh tdn aaer agnigrem en as it itu b,hcraese ryrotapicitra pfo .gniwor gs it i
ow tf onoitaivell aytrevo pn osnoitacilpm ielbisso peh tsessucsi d1 1retpahC
.erutlucirg anoisicer pdn aygolonhcetoi b,ygolonhce tlarutlucirg an istnempoleve dtnecer
o neh ty bdetucex edn aderosnop ssa whcih w,noitulove rneer geh tekilnU dn atiforpn
tifor py bdellortno cs iygolonhcetoi b,srotce scilbup - depoleve dn iseinapmo cgnikam
ereh w,erutlucirg adezilaicremmo cylhgi hf osdee ncifitneic seh tn osuco fyeh T.seirtnuoc
onhcetoi B.seigolonhce twe nro frallo dpo tya po tdroff ana csremraf sa hylbabor pygol
,seirtnuo cgnipoleve dn isremra froo pgnica fsmelbor peh tevlo sple ho tlaitneto ptaerg
rellefekco Reh T.drage rsih tn ikro weltti lylevitale rnee bsa hereh teta do ttub
ato n as iais An iygolonhcetoi beci rn omargor proja ms’noitadnuoF emocle w,elb
’seirtnuo cgnipoleve devlo so tygolonhcetoi bf olaitneto peh tgnissenra H.noitpecxe
evitavonn ieriuqe rlli w,saer adezilaicremmo csse l,elbarovafn un iylralucitra p,sdeen
hcraese rlarutlucirg ayrtnuo cgnipoleve dneewte bstroff eevitaroballoc eh tdn asmetsys
.ygolonhcetoi betanimo dtah tseinapmo cetavirp
n ohcraese rlarutlucirg af otcapm ieh tssess ao thcraese rn osesuco f2 1retpahC
seitluciffi dtnemerusae memocrev otsu mstroff enoitaulav ehcu S.noitaivell aytrevop
ah ttca feh thti wdetaicossa gnidnuofno csuoremu nhti w,tceridn is ipihsnoitale reh tt
erofe bhto bsnoitidno cn oata deva hdluo wtsylan aeh tyllaed I.srotcaf - dna - hti wdn aretfa -
dna - n isegnah ctah terusn esple hsih T.ygolonhce twe nf onoitcudortn ieh ttuohtiw
per asnoitidno cytrevop gnidulcn i,stnanimrete dlautc aeh tf oll ao tdetubirtt aylrepor
isau qgnicudortn iro fepoc sosl as iereh T.srotca freht oosl atu begnah cygolonhcet -
v
n ides unee bgno lsa hsih T.srotca fgnidnuofno cro flortno co tngise dlatnemirepxe
nutrition studies but i .sisylan acimonoc en ignigrem etsu jyln os
na cnoitaivell aytrevo pn ohcraese rlarutlucirg af otcapm ieh tssess ao thcraeseR
.sdohte mhcraese revitatilau qdn aevitatitnau qgninibmo cy bevitceff eylralucitra peb
zylan ao tdedee ner asehcaorpp aevitatitnauQ gnidrage rspihsnoitale rtceridn i,xelpmo ce
laco lmor fytrevo pdnatsredn uple hna csehcaorpp aevitatilau qelih w,noitcude rytrevop
.koolrev othgi msredistu otah tspihsnoitale rtnatropm ignirutpa c,wei vf otnio ps’elpoep

spa GegdelwonK

swe fylevitarapmoC suoira veh tdegdelwonkc anev eydut ssih tn ideweive rseidut
.meh tro flortno cenol ate l,semoctu oytrevo pecneulfn ina ctah tsrotca fgnidnuofnoc
yeh tesuace bseidut sssorc aytilibarapmo celtti lsa wereh t,o so do tyr tdi dyeh tneh wnevE
te mtnereffi ddesu .yltnereffi dsmelbor prieh tdenife ddn a,snoitseu qtnereffi ddeks a,sdoh
s alle ws arehtego tecnediv egnicei pdevlovn ierutareti leh tgniweive r,tluse r asA
.snoitseu qtnatropm iemo sn osniame retabe dro fmoo rdn a,elbissop
itseu qgniregni lemo sgnirewsnA nommo cgnis useidut sf ote s aeriuqe rlli wsno
lasua cetalos iple hdluo wsih T.evitatilau qdn aevitatitnau qhto b,ygolodohtem
tu ognillep sosl aelih wsnoitaivell aytrevo pdn aygolonhce twe nneewte bspihsnoitaler
o hto no dr oo dyeh thcih wredn usnoitidnoc ld.
noitubirtsi deh tgnidrage rtsetaer gspahre ps isrotca fgnidnuofno cf omelbor pehT
s isih T.emocn iroba ldn amra fneewte bdn asmra ff osepy ttnereffi dssorc aemocn ifo
sa hygolonhce twe ntah tgniugr aerutareti ltso meh ts iereh thcih wn ocipo teh tosla
spihsnoitale reseh tn oseidut sf oseire sdetanidroo c A.semoctu olanoitubirtsi devitagen
.lufes uylralucitra pe bdluow
gnika mn ihcraese rlarutlucirg af osesseccu slacoviuqen uyltnerapp aeh tetipseD
o wscitir cemo s,evisnepx esse ldn aelbaliav aero mdoof doo frewo lf itah teugr adlu
yeh tneh t,sremra froo pro fsemocn irewo ldn asega wrewo lf otso ceh tt aemo csecirp
.roo pelpoe proo pspee ktah tmetsy sriafn un aniatnia mdn ayfitsu jo tevre sylerem
vi
sdetanidroo c,lanoitidd aro fdee n as iereh t,ylgnidroccA hto benimax eyltnio jtah tseidut
.ygolonhce tlarutlucirg adevorpm if osecneuqesno cnoitpmusno cdn anoitcudor peht
hcaorpp aeh trehteh ws iecnediv eo nr oeltti ls iereh thcih wn otnio pcificep senO
ff a)hcraese rf ostcudor peh ttsu jnah trehtar (hcraese rot ,elpmax ero F.ytrevo pstce
s inoitamrofn ieltti ltah wdn a,hcraese ryrotapicitra pf otcapm ieh tn okae ws iecnedive
.noitaivell aytrevo pto n,noitpod adn atnempoleve dygolonhce tn osesuco felbaliava
tf oeuss ieh tsdnuorru sysrevortno c,evob adenoitne msA larutlucirg agnitegra
n isesa cyna mswoh secneirepx etsa P.snrecno cytrevo psserdd aylticilpx eo thcraeser
or phti wseigolonhce tngise do tstpmett ahcihw - dn ayltso cere wscitsiretcarah croop
oeh tn O.noitua chti wdeecor ptsu mstroff ewe no s,evitceffeni evitcartt a,dna hreht
redn uelac sllam s an omeh ttse to tlufes ue bya mt idn atsix eya mseitinutroppo
n osesuco ftah thcraese rhti wsecruose rro fetepmo cto no dyeh tereh wsnoitidnoc
.sevitcejb oytivitcudor planoitidart
vii