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The Reticuloendothelial System A COMPREHENSIVE TREA TISE Volume 6 Immunology The Reticuloendothelial System A COMPREHENSIVE TREATISE General Editors: Herman Friedman, University 0/ South Florida, Tampa, Florida Mario Escobar, Medical College 0/ Virginia, Richmond, Virginia and Sherwood M. Reichard, Medical College 0/ Georgia, Augusta, Georgia MORPHOLOGY Edited by lan Carr and W. T. Daems BIOCHEMISTRY AND MET ABOLISM Edited by Anthony J. Sbarra and Robert R. Strauss PHYLOGENY AND ONTOGENY Edited by Nicholas Cohen and M. Michael Sigel IMMUNOPATHOLOGY Edited by Noel R. Rose and Benjamin V. Siegel CANCER Edited by Ronald B. Herberman and Herman Friedman IMMUNOLOGY Edited by Joseph A. Bellanti and Herbert B. Herscowitz PHYSIOLOGY (In two parts) Edited by Sherwood M. Reichard and James P. Filkins PHARMACOLOGY Edited by John Hadden and Andor Szentivanyi HYPERSENSITIVITY Edited by S. Michael Phillips and Peter Abramoff INFECTION Edited by John P. Utz and Mario R. Escobar The Reticuloendothelial System A COMPREHENSIVE TREA TISE Volume 6 Immunology Edited by JOSEPH A. BELLANTI Georgetown University School 0/ Medicine Washington, D.C. and HERBERT B. HERSCOWITZ Georgetown University Schools 0/ Medicine and Dentistry Washington, D.C. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress CataIoging in Publication Data Main entry under title: The Reticuloendothelial system. Inc1udes bibliographies and indexes. CONTENTS: v. 1. Carr, 1., Daems, W. T., and Lobo, A. Morphology.-v. 2. Biochemistry and metabolism. -[etc.]-v. 6. Immunology. 1. Reticulo-endothelial system. 2. Macrophages. I. Friedman, Herman, 1931- 11. Escobar, Mario R. 111. Reichard, Sherwood M. [DNLM: 1. Reticuloendothelial sys tem. WH650 R437] QP115.R47 591.2'95 79-25933 ISBN 978-1-4757-6786-5 ISBN 978-1-4757-6784-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-6784-1 © 1984 Springer Science+Business Media New York OriginaI1y pub1ished by Plenum Press, New York in 1984. Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1984 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrievaI system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanicaI, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors STEPHEN W. CHENSUE • Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan DIANE E. COLE • Pediatric Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland PETER ERB • Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, The University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland JOSEPH C. FANToNE • Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Med ical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan MARC FELDMANN • Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Tumour Immunology Unit, Department of Zoology, University College London, London, England RAYMOND B. HEsTER • Division of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee RICHARD HONG • Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Clinical Science Center, Madison, Wisconsin ARTHUR G. JOHNSON • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota DAVID R. KATZ • Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Tumour Immunology Unit, Department of Zoology, University College London, London, England STEVEN L. KUNKEL • Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medi cal School, Ann Arbor, Michigan THOMAS R. MALEK • Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland v vi CONTRIBUTORS MICHAEL E. MILLER • Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California SIMON L. NEWMAN • Division of Rheumatology-Immunology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Microbiology-Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hili, North Carolina RrCHARD P. PHIPPS • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia CARL W. PIERCE • Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Jewish Hospital of St. Louis, and Department of Pathology and of Micro biology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri DAVID G. POPLACK • Pediatric Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland PETER RALPH • Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Rye, New York . Ross RocKLIN • Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massa chusetts GORDON O. Ross • Division of Rheumatology-Immunology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Microbiology-Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hili, North Carolina STUART F. SCHLOSSMAN • Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts JON R. SCHMIDTKE • Department of Immunology Research, Liliy Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana RrCHARD M. SCHULTZ • Department of Immunology Research, Liliy Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana ETHAN M. SHEVACH • Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of AI lergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland USHA SRINIVASAN • Pediatric Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland CONTRIBUTORS vii HENRY C. STEVENSON • Clinical Investigations Section, Biologie Response Modifiers Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland GEOFFREY H. SUNSHINE • Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Tumour Immunol ogy Unit, Department of Zoology, University College London, London, England JOHN G. TEW • Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Col lege of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia ROBERT F. TODD, III • Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts WILLIAM S. WALKER • Division of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee PETER A. WARD • Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan DAVID D. WOOD • Department of Immunology, Ayerst Research Laborato ries, Princeton, New Jersey Foreword This comprehensive treatise on the reticuloendothelial system is a project jointly shared by individual members of the Reticuloendothelial (RE) Society and bio medical scientists in general who are interested in the intricate system of ceHs and molecular moieties derived from those ceHs which constitute the RES. It may now be more fashionable in some quarters to consider these ceHs as part of what is caHed the mononuclear phagocytic system or the lymphoreticular system. Nev ertheless, because of historical developments and current interest in the subject by investigators from many diverse areas, it seems advantageous to present in one comprehensive treatise current information and knowledge concerning basic aspects of the RES, such as morphology, biochemistry, phylogeny and ontogeny, physiology, and pharmacology as weIl as clinical areas including immu nopathology, cancer, infectious diseases, allergy, and hypersensitivity. It is antic ipated that by presenting information concerning these apparently hetero geneous topics under the unifying umbreHa of the RES attention will be focused on the similarities as weIl as interactions among the ceH types constituting the RES from the viewpoint of various disciplines. The treatise editors and their editorial board, consisting predominantly of the editors of individual volumes, are extremely grateful for the enthusiastic cooperation and enormous task under taken by members of the biomedical community in general and especially by members of the American as weIl as European and Japanese Reticuloendotheli~l Societies. The assistance, cooperation, and great support from the editorial staff of Plenum Press are also valued greatly. It is hoped that this unique treatise, the first to offer a fully comprehensive treatment of our knowledge concerning the RES, will provide a unified framework for evaluating what is known and what still has to be investigated in this actively growing field. The various volumes of this treatise provide extensive in-depth and integrated information on classical as weH as experimental aspects of the RES. It is expected that these volumes will serve as a major reference for day-to-day examination of various subjects dealing with the RES from many different viewpoints. Herman Friedman Mario R. Escobar Sherwood M. Reichard ix Preface This sixth volume of a multivolume treatise on the reticuloendothelial system presents the pivotal role of the mononuc1ear phagocyte in immunological pro cesses. The volume is poised in a transitionallocation in the series and builds upon knowledge set forth in previous volumes and directs the reader to discus sions of c!inical immunology and immunopathology to be found in subsequent volumes. Throughout each of its chapters, the book maintains a fidelity to the central role of the macrophage as a regulatory ceIl in immunologie processes. The vol urne begins with a general overview of the immunobiology of the macrophage and its interactions with lymphoid ceIls. Inc1uded in this chapter is a discussion of disorders of macrophage function which provides a basis for an understand ing of host resistance mechanisms. The volume progresses in logical sequence to a discussion of the role of macrophages in nonspecific processes and describes the mechanisms by which macrophages function in host defense. This chapter reviews c1inical abnormalities as they refIect upon "nonspecific" functions and also focuses on important studies of phagocytic ceIl function in the human neonate, underscoring critical roles of the immature phagocytic ceIl in the pre disposition of the neonate to infection. The heterogeneity of macrophages is discussed in the next chapter which describes the functional diversity of mac rophages obtained from different tissues as weIl as individual differences in macrophages obtained from the same tissue. The chapter also poses a provoca tive question conceming whether heterogeneity represents differences in matu ration of a single ceIl type or whether it is the resuIt of the existence of separate populations of ceIls. The use of macrophage ceIl lines is presented in the next chapter which establishes the role of surface antigens in differentiation and function of macrophages, the cytotoxic capacity of macrophage ceIllines, the inductive events in pharmacologic regulation, and the importance of mac rophage function in variant lines. This chapter will be of particular importance to the investigator interested in studying the macrophage in relatively homoge neous populations. This is foIlowed by a discussion of the function of dendritic ceIls in immune responses in the next chapter. It reviews the importance of ceIls with dendritic morphology and their role in such diverse functions as antigen retention in lymphoid tissue, in mixed lymphocyte reactions, and in T-ceIl media ted cytotoxicity. Of particular interest in this chapter is a discussion of the Langerhans ceIl and its specific function in delayed-type reactions of the skin. xi
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