Immunological Implications and Molecular Diagnostics of Genitourinary Cancer

500 Pages·2022·8.955 MB·English

by  Moulay Mustapha Ennaji

Immunological Implications and
Molecular Diagnostics of
Genitourinary Cancer
Graphical abstract
Graphical abstractmade by the editor
Immunological
Implications and
Molecular Diagnostics of
Genitourinary Cancer
Edited by
Moulay Mustapha Ennaji
Group LeaderResearch team ofVirology,Oncology,andBiotechnologies,
Head of LaboratoryofVirology,Oncology,Biosciences, Environment and
NewEnergies (LVO-BEEN), Faculty ofSciences and Techniques Mohammedia,
UniversityHassan IIof Casablanca,Casablanca,Morocco
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Contents
Listofcontributors xix
Abouttheeditor xxv
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgments xxix
Editorialadvisoryboard xxxi
1. Introduction to the molecular aspects and
viral therapy of genitourinary tumors 1
MoulayMustaphaEnnaji
1.1 Background 1
References 3
2. Liquid biopsy of exosome markers for molecular
diagnosis of genitourinary cancer 5
DongdongLiu,GuorongLi,JinWen,PierreCornillon,
YangZhang,NoraMalloukandChristopheMariat
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Tissuebiopsyversusliquidbiopsy 8
2.3 Renalcellcancer 10
2.4 Bladdercancer 11
2.5 Prostatecancer 14
2.6 Conclusion 15
References 15
3. The molecular mechanism of novel oncogenes
dysregulating signaling pathways associated
with cervical carcinoma 19
KaoutarAnouarTadlaouiandMoulayMustaphaEnnaji
3.1 Introduction 19
3.2 Cervicalcanceroverview 20
3.2.1 Epidemiologyofcervicalcancer 20
3.2.2 Anatomopathologyofthecervix 20
3.2.3 Thedifferentcancersofthecervix 21
v
vi Contents
3.2.4 Riskfactorsofcervicalcancer 21
3.3 Theleadingoncogenesrelatedtocervicalcancerdevelopment 22
3.3.1 Calponin3 22
3.3.2 Antisilencingfunction1B 23
3.3.3 LongnoncodingRNAcolorectalneoplasiadifferentially
expressed 24
3.3.4 Proline-richProtein11 25
3.4 Conclusion 26
Acknowledgment 26
References 26
4. Role of epigenetic factors in cancer progression induced
by inactivation of tumor suppressors genes 33
ImaneSaif,YoussefEnnaji,MohammedElMzibriand
MoulayMustaphaEnnaji
4.1 Introduction 33
4.2 MethylationofDNA 34
4.3 Histonecode 37
4.4 ThemicroRNAs 39
4.5 Conclusion 42
Acknowledgment 42
References 42
5. Exosomes as diagnostic and prognostic tools
in prostate cancer 45
YoussefEnnaji,MaryameLamsisi,IkramTiabi,
SoukaynaAlaouiSosse,ImaneSaif,BerjasAbumsimir,
AbdelilahLaraqui,KawtarAboulalaaandMoulayMustaphaEnnaji
5.1 Introduction 45
5.2 Structure,biogenesis,andfunctionofexosomes 46
5.2.1 Structureandbiogenesisofexosomes 46
5.2.2 Functionsofexosomes 47
5.3 Thefunctionalrolesandtumor-derivedexosomes
inprostatecancerprogression 48
5.3.1 Thediagnosispotentialofexosomesinprostatecancer 49
5.3.2 Futuredirectionsandapplicationsofexosomes
inprostatecancer 51
Acknowledgments 52
References 52
6. Adenovirus vectors for vaccination and cancer
gene therapy 57
RihabeBoussettine,NajwaHassou,HlimaBessiand
MoulayMustaphaEnnaji
6.1 Introduction 57
Contents vii
6.2 Severalapproachestoovercomeproblemsassociated
withthetargetingofadenoviruses 58
6.3 Generalpropertiesofadenovirusandadenovirusvector 59
6.4 Adenovirustumor-selectivereplication 63
6.5 Geneticmodificationtoaltertransfectionrange
ofadenoviruses 66
6.5.1 1-Insertionofforeignligandintofiberprotein 66
6.5.2 2-Fibermutationforgeneratingtargetedadenoviruses 67
6.5.3 3-Fiberexchange 68
6.5.4 4-Modificationofothercapsidproteins 69
6.6 Conclusion 70
Acknowledgment 70
References 70
7. Molecular diagnosis of human oncogenic viruses
associated with prostate cancer: Human Papillomavirus
and Epstein(cid:1)Barr virus 77
DorineFlorenceLutheraNgombeMouabata,ChristyParfaitNganga,
SedwigeBernaudLoungoualaSounga,DonatienMoukassaand
MoulayMustaphaEnnaji
7.1 Introduction 77
7.2 Molecularepidemiologyofhumanpapillomavirusand
Epstein(cid:1)Barrvirusassociatedwithprostatecancerworldwide 78
7.2.1 Prostatecancer 79
7.2.2 Humanpapillomavirusandprostatecancer 80
7.2.3 Epstein(cid:1)Barrvirus 82
7.2.4 HumanpapillomavirusandEpstein(cid:1)Barrviruscoinfection 83
7.3 Moleculardiagnosisandprognosticbiomarkers
ofprostatecancer 84
7.3.1 Bloodbiomarkers 84
7.3.2 Urinarybiomarker 86
7.3.3 Tissuebiomarker 87
7.3.4 Exosomesasadiagnosticandprognostictoolforprostate 88
7.4 Conclusion 90
References 90
8. Molecular characterization of oncogenic biomarkers
associated with genitourinary cancers:
the case of prostate cancer 99
IkramTiabi,YoussefEnnaji,SoukaynaAlaouiSosse,
BerjasAbumsimir,AbdelilahLaraqui,MohammedMrabti,
MohammedNabilBenchekrounandMoulayMustaphaEnnaji
8.1 Introduction 99
8.2 Generalinformationaboutprostatecancer 100
viii Contents
8.2.1 Definition 100
8.2.2 Carcinogenesis 100
8.2.3 Tumordevelopment 102
8.2.4 Epidemiologyofprostatecancer 103
8.3 Tumordevelopment 105
8.3.1 Riskfactorsforprostatecancer 105
8.3.2 Geneticmutationsresponsibleforprostatecancer 107
8.4 Methodsforstudyinggeneticpolymorphisms 108
8.4.1 Classicalgenotypingmethods 108
8.5 Conclusion 110
Acknowledgments 110
References 110
9. Diagnostic screening of the microdeleation mutations
in the azoospermia factor-gene cluster of the
Y chromosome and; prostate cancer among Arabs:
toward establishment of gene therapy platform
in the region 115
IhsaneAliMahasneh,FerdosEbrahimAbdulRahim,
MoulayMustaphaEnnaji,BerjasAbumsimirandYassineKasmi
9.1 Backgroundforourhypothesisontheazoospermiafactor
geneclusteramongArabsforfuturegenetherapyofinfertility 115
9.2 Landscapeoftheazoospermiafactorgeneclusterand
chromosomeYchromosomestructure 117
9.3 Globalheterogeneityandethnicityoffamilialinfertility
clusteringofazoospermiafactormicrodeletionvariants
amongdifferentgenealogicallineagesofpopulations 119
9.4 Familialinfertilityclusteringandconsanguinityamong
Arabianpopulations 122
9.5 Diagnosticcriteriaandmedicalconditionsassetby
WHOcriteriaforinfertilitydiagnosis 122
9.6 Typesofmicrodeletionsintheazoospermiafactorgene
clusterofYchromosome 123
9.7 Geneticdiagnosisofazoospermiafactormicrodeletionby
multiplexpolymerasechainreactiontechnology 124
9.7.1 Clinicalconditions 125
9.7.2 Multiplexpolymerasechainreactionprotocoltobe
usedindiagnosisoftheazoospermiafactor
microdeletionsofYchromosome 125
9.7.3 Ethicalcriteriaandconsiderationadoptedforblood
samplesandYDNA 126
9.7.4 Clinicalcriteriaandthepracticalcut-offvaluefor
azoospermiafactortesting 126
9.7.5 Practicalrecommendationsforinclusioncriteriaand
stratificationofAzoospermia 126
9.7.6 Commercialkitsavailableinthemarkettobeused 127
Contents ix
9.8 Influenceoftheuseofinvitrofertilizationtechnology 129
9.9 Genetherapyapplicationofazoospermiafactorgene
indifferentgenealogicallineagesoftheY-chromosome 129
References 134
10. Recent advances in high-risk human papillomavirus
genotype relationship with bladder cancer tumor
genesis 141
SaidAbdallahNabil,BerjasAbumsimir,YassineKasmi,
MohammedMrabti,AbdelilahLaraquiandMoulayMustaphaEnnaji
10.1 Introduction 141
10.2 Humanpapillomaviruses 142
10.3 Epidemiologyofbladdercancer 143
10.4 Globalprevalenceofhumanpapillomavirusin
bladdercancer 145
10.4.1 Prevalenceofhigh-riskhumanpapillomavirusby
histologicaltype 145
10.5 Recentevidenceforhigh-riskhumanpapillomavirus
involvementinbladdercancer 146
10.5.1 IntegrationofhumanpapillomavirusDNA 146
10.5.2 Humanpapillomavirusandp16overexpression
statusinbladdercancer 146
10.5.3 Pathologicalclinicalcourse 147
10.6 Detectionofhumanpapillomavirusinfectioninbladder
cancer 148
10.7 Humanpapillomavirustreatmentandprevention 148
10.8 Conclusion 149
References 149
11. Tumor-associated macrophages in prostate cancer:
role in progression and therapy 153
ArundhatiMehta,ShivGovindRawat,YashwantRatre(Kumar),
VivekSoni(Kumar),DhananjayShukla,AjayKumarand
NaveenVishvakarma(Kumar)
11.1 Introduction 153
11.2 Prostatecancerinitiation,progression,andimmunity 155
11.3 Cancerandmacrophage 156
11.4 Tumor-associatedmacrophagesandprostatecancer 157
11.4.1 Prostatecancerprogressionandtumor-associated
macrophage 158
11.4.2 Tumor-associatedmacrophagesasmediatorsof
immunosuppressioninprostatecancer 159
11.4.3 Prostatecancerstemcellsandtumor-associated
macrophage 160
11.4.4 Tumor-associatedmacrophagesandangiogenesisin
prostatecancer 161