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Immunological Implications and Molecular Diagnostics of Genitourinary Cancer PDF

500 Pages·2022·8.955 MB·English
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Immunological Implications and Molecular Diagnostics of Genitourinary Cancer Graphical abstract Graphical abstractmade by the editor Immunological Implications and Molecular Diagnostics of Genitourinary Cancer Edited by Moulay Mustapha Ennaji Group LeaderResearch team ofVirology,Oncology,andBiotechnologies, Head of LaboratoryofVirology,Oncology,Biosciences, Environment and NewEnergies (LVO-BEEN), Faculty ofSciences and Techniques Mohammedia, UniversityHassan IIof Casablanca,Casablanca,Morocco AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices, ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein. Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafety ofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterof productsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-323-85496-2 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:StacyMasucci AcquisitionsEditor:LindaVersteeg-Buschman EditorialProjectManager:TimothyBennett ProductionProjectManager:SwapnaSrinivasan CoverDesigner:MarkRogers TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Contents Listofcontributors xix Abouttheeditor xxv Preface xxvii Acknowledgments xxix Editorialadvisoryboard xxxi 1. Introduction to the molecular aspects and viral therapy of genitourinary tumors 1 MoulayMustaphaEnnaji 1.1 Background 1 References 3 2. Liquid biopsy of exosome markers for molecular diagnosis of genitourinary cancer 5 DongdongLiu,GuorongLi,JinWen,PierreCornillon, YangZhang,NoraMalloukandChristopheMariat 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Tissuebiopsyversusliquidbiopsy 8 2.3 Renalcellcancer 10 2.4 Bladdercancer 11 2.5 Prostatecancer 14 2.6 Conclusion 15 References 15 3. The molecular mechanism of novel oncogenes dysregulating signaling pathways associated with cervical carcinoma 19 KaoutarAnouarTadlaouiandMoulayMustaphaEnnaji 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Cervicalcanceroverview 20 3.2.1 Epidemiologyofcervicalcancer 20 3.2.2 Anatomopathologyofthecervix 20 3.2.3 Thedifferentcancersofthecervix 21 v vi Contents 3.2.4 Riskfactorsofcervicalcancer 21 3.3 Theleadingoncogenesrelatedtocervicalcancerdevelopment 22 3.3.1 Calponin3 22 3.3.2 Antisilencingfunction1B 23 3.3.3 LongnoncodingRNAcolorectalneoplasiadifferentially expressed 24 3.3.4 Proline-richProtein11 25 3.4 Conclusion 26 Acknowledgment 26 References 26 4. Role of epigenetic factors in cancer progression induced by inactivation of tumor suppressors genes 33 ImaneSaif,YoussefEnnaji,MohammedElMzibriand MoulayMustaphaEnnaji 4.1 Introduction 33 4.2 MethylationofDNA 34 4.3 Histonecode 37 4.4 ThemicroRNAs 39 4.5 Conclusion 42 Acknowledgment 42 References 42 5. Exosomes as diagnostic and prognostic tools in prostate cancer 45 YoussefEnnaji,MaryameLamsisi,IkramTiabi, SoukaynaAlaouiSosse,ImaneSaif,BerjasAbumsimir, AbdelilahLaraqui,KawtarAboulalaaandMoulayMustaphaEnnaji 5.1 Introduction 45 5.2 Structure,biogenesis,andfunctionofexosomes 46 5.2.1 Structureandbiogenesisofexosomes 46 5.2.2 Functionsofexosomes 47 5.3 Thefunctionalrolesandtumor-derivedexosomes inprostatecancerprogression 48 5.3.1 Thediagnosispotentialofexosomesinprostatecancer 49 5.3.2 Futuredirectionsandapplicationsofexosomes inprostatecancer 51 Acknowledgments 52 References 52 6. Adenovirus vectors for vaccination and cancer gene therapy 57 RihabeBoussettine,NajwaHassou,HlimaBessiand MoulayMustaphaEnnaji 6.1 Introduction 57 Contents vii 6.2 Severalapproachestoovercomeproblemsassociated withthetargetingofadenoviruses 58 6.3 Generalpropertiesofadenovirusandadenovirusvector 59 6.4 Adenovirustumor-selectivereplication 63 6.5 Geneticmodificationtoaltertransfectionrange ofadenoviruses 66 6.5.1 1-Insertionofforeignligandintofiberprotein 66 6.5.2 2-Fibermutationforgeneratingtargetedadenoviruses 67 6.5.3 3-Fiberexchange 68 6.5.4 4-Modificationofothercapsidproteins 69 6.6 Conclusion 70 Acknowledgment 70 References 70 7. Molecular diagnosis of human oncogenic viruses associated with prostate cancer: Human Papillomavirus and Epstein(cid:1)Barr virus 77 DorineFlorenceLutheraNgombeMouabata,ChristyParfaitNganga, SedwigeBernaudLoungoualaSounga,DonatienMoukassaand MoulayMustaphaEnnaji 7.1 Introduction 77 7.2 Molecularepidemiologyofhumanpapillomavirusand Epstein(cid:1)Barrvirusassociatedwithprostatecancerworldwide 78 7.2.1 Prostatecancer 79 7.2.2 Humanpapillomavirusandprostatecancer 80 7.2.3 Epstein(cid:1)Barrvirus 82 7.2.4 HumanpapillomavirusandEpstein(cid:1)Barrviruscoinfection 83 7.3 Moleculardiagnosisandprognosticbiomarkers ofprostatecancer 84 7.3.1 Bloodbiomarkers 84 7.3.2 Urinarybiomarker 86 7.3.3 Tissuebiomarker 87 7.3.4 Exosomesasadiagnosticandprognostictoolforprostate 88 7.4 Conclusion 90 References 90 8. Molecular characterization of oncogenic biomarkers associated with genitourinary cancers: the case of prostate cancer 99 IkramTiabi,YoussefEnnaji,SoukaynaAlaouiSosse, BerjasAbumsimir,AbdelilahLaraqui,MohammedMrabti, MohammedNabilBenchekrounandMoulayMustaphaEnnaji 8.1 Introduction 99 8.2 Generalinformationaboutprostatecancer 100 viii Contents 8.2.1 Definition 100 8.2.2 Carcinogenesis 100 8.2.3 Tumordevelopment 102 8.2.4 Epidemiologyofprostatecancer 103 8.3 Tumordevelopment 105 8.3.1 Riskfactorsforprostatecancer 105 8.3.2 Geneticmutationsresponsibleforprostatecancer 107 8.4 Methodsforstudyinggeneticpolymorphisms 108 8.4.1 Classicalgenotypingmethods 108 8.5 Conclusion 110 Acknowledgments 110 References 110 9. Diagnostic screening of the microdeleation mutations in the azoospermia factor-gene cluster of the Y chromosome and; prostate cancer among Arabs: toward establishment of gene therapy platform in the region 115 IhsaneAliMahasneh,FerdosEbrahimAbdulRahim, MoulayMustaphaEnnaji,BerjasAbumsimirandYassineKasmi 9.1 Backgroundforourhypothesisontheazoospermiafactor geneclusteramongArabsforfuturegenetherapyofinfertility 115 9.2 Landscapeoftheazoospermiafactorgeneclusterand chromosomeYchromosomestructure 117 9.3 Globalheterogeneityandethnicityoffamilialinfertility clusteringofazoospermiafactormicrodeletionvariants amongdifferentgenealogicallineagesofpopulations 119 9.4 Familialinfertilityclusteringandconsanguinityamong Arabianpopulations 122 9.5 Diagnosticcriteriaandmedicalconditionsassetby WHOcriteriaforinfertilitydiagnosis 122 9.6 Typesofmicrodeletionsintheazoospermiafactorgene clusterofYchromosome 123 9.7 Geneticdiagnosisofazoospermiafactormicrodeletionby multiplexpolymerasechainreactiontechnology 124 9.7.1 Clinicalconditions 125 9.7.2 Multiplexpolymerasechainreactionprotocoltobe usedindiagnosisoftheazoospermiafactor microdeletionsofYchromosome 125 9.7.3 Ethicalcriteriaandconsiderationadoptedforblood samplesandYDNA 126 9.7.4 Clinicalcriteriaandthepracticalcut-offvaluefor azoospermiafactortesting 126 9.7.5 Practicalrecommendationsforinclusioncriteriaand stratificationofAzoospermia 126 9.7.6 Commercialkitsavailableinthemarkettobeused 127 Contents ix 9.8 Influenceoftheuseofinvitrofertilizationtechnology 129 9.9 Genetherapyapplicationofazoospermiafactorgene indifferentgenealogicallineagesoftheY-chromosome 129 References 134 10. Recent advances in high-risk human papillomavirus genotype relationship with bladder cancer tumor genesis 141 SaidAbdallahNabil,BerjasAbumsimir,YassineKasmi, MohammedMrabti,AbdelilahLaraquiandMoulayMustaphaEnnaji 10.1 Introduction 141 10.2 Humanpapillomaviruses 142 10.3 Epidemiologyofbladdercancer 143 10.4 Globalprevalenceofhumanpapillomavirusin bladdercancer 145 10.4.1 Prevalenceofhigh-riskhumanpapillomavirusby histologicaltype 145 10.5 Recentevidenceforhigh-riskhumanpapillomavirus involvementinbladdercancer 146 10.5.1 IntegrationofhumanpapillomavirusDNA 146 10.5.2 Humanpapillomavirusandp16overexpression statusinbladdercancer 146 10.5.3 Pathologicalclinicalcourse 147 10.6 Detectionofhumanpapillomavirusinfectioninbladder cancer 148 10.7 Humanpapillomavirustreatmentandprevention 148 10.8 Conclusion 149 References 149 11. Tumor-associated macrophages in prostate cancer: role in progression and therapy 153 ArundhatiMehta,ShivGovindRawat,YashwantRatre(Kumar), VivekSoni(Kumar),DhananjayShukla,AjayKumarand NaveenVishvakarma(Kumar) 11.1 Introduction 153 11.2 Prostatecancerinitiation,progression,andimmunity 155 11.3 Cancerandmacrophage 156 11.4 Tumor-associatedmacrophagesandprostatecancer 157 11.4.1 Prostatecancerprogressionandtumor-associated macrophage 158 11.4.2 Tumor-associatedmacrophagesasmediatorsof immunosuppressioninprostatecancer 159 11.4.3 Prostatecancerstemcellsandtumor-associated macrophage 160 11.4.4 Tumor-associatedmacrophagesandangiogenesisin prostatecancer 161

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